Week 11 Flashcards
Variation in pediatric anatomy and Physiology
Endocrine glands not fully mature at birth
Complete hormonal control is lacking
Infant cannot appropriately balance fluid concentration, electrolytes, amino acids, glucose, and trace substances
Endocrine system and the nervous system work closely together
Thyroid Disorders
Thyroid hormones are important for growth and development as they regulate metabolism of nutrients and energy production
Congenital hypothyroidism
Acquired hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Graves Disease
an autoimmune disorder causing excessive amounts of thyroid hormone to be released in response to human thyroid stimulator immunoglobulin (TSI)
5 times more common in girls than boys; goiter
Promoting growth for a child with congenital hypothyroidism
Measure and record growth at regular intervals.
Measure thyroid levels at recommended intervals (e.g., every 2 weeks) until the target range is reached on a stabilized dose of medication
Monitor for signs of hypo- or hyperfunction, including changes in vital signs, thermoregulation, and activity level.
Diabetes Insipidus
Disorder of the posterior pituitary resulting from hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Signs and symptoms
polyuria and polydipsia
Enuresis
Infants: irritability relieved with feedings of water but not milk
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Altered carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
Hypoglycemia
Glucose intolerance/diabetes
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Leukemia
Recurrence of CNS tumours
Infection at the injection site
Edema
Sodium retention
Precocious Puberty
Traditionally defined as sexual development before age 9 in boys or before age 8 in girls
Helping the child to deal with self-esteem issues related to the accelerated growth and development of secondary sexual characteristics
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
caused by a deficiency of insulin secretion due to pancreatic β-cell damage
Type 2 Diaebetes Mellitus
caused by insulin resistance at level of skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, with different degrees of β -cell impairment
S+S of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting
Lethargy, stupor, altered level of consciousness, confusion
Decreased skin turgor
Abdominal pain
Kussmaul respirations and air hunger
Fruity (sweet-smelling) or acetone breath odour
Presence of ketones in urine and blood
Tachycardia
constipation
An alteration in frequency, consistency, or ease of passage of stool
Causes differ by age group
Infants
Children
Short Bowel Syndrome
A malabsorptive disorder resulting from decreased mucosal surface area, usually as result of small-bowel resection
cleft lip and palate
Facial malformations that occur during embryonic development that may appear separately or together
Intussusecption
telescoping of one portion of the intestine into an adjacent segment, causing intestinal obstruction and sometimes intestinal ischemia.
Hirschsprung Disease
Movement disorder of intestinal track causing obstruction; most common cause of neonatal intestinal obstruction; constipation in newborns
Meckel Diverticulum S+S
Bleeding, anemia, severe colicky abdominal pain
Abdominal distention, hypoactive bowel sounds, guarding, abdominal mass, rebound tenderness
Meckel Diverticulum Nursing Management
Administer ordered blood products and IV fluids
Maintain NPO status
Perform postoperative care and family education
Vesicoureteral Reflux
Abnormal retrograde flow of bladder urine into the ureters
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is an uncommon, acute renal disease that occurs primarily in infants and small children
Hypospadias
Urethral opening located behind glans penis or anywhere along ventral surface of penile shaft
Epispadias
Meatal opening located on dorsal surface of penis
Testicular Torsion
A testicle is abnormally attached to the scrotum and twisted
Requires immediate surgery because ischemia can result if the torsion is left untreated, leading to infertility
