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Bio 1M03 > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Def: Ecology

A

the study of how organisms interact with their environment and each other

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2
Q

What are the levels of ecology

A

Organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, global systems

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3
Q

Organismal ecology

A

Asks how adaptions of shape, physiology and behavior allow individual organisms to live in particular habitat

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4
Q

Population ecology

A

Asks how and why the numbers of individuals in a population change over time

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5
Q

Def: population

A

a group of individuals of the same species that live in an area

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6
Q

Community ecology

A

asks about predation, parasitism, and competition how groups of species respond to fires, floods and other disturbances

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7
Q

Def: biological community

A

species that live and interact with one another in a habitat

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8
Q

Ecosystem Ecology

A

Considers all the organisms in a particular region along with nonliving components

Focuses on how nutrients and energy move among organisms, the surrounding atmosphere, soil, water and what keeps the whole system stable

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9
Q

Global ecology

A

investigates the biosphere, the thin zone surrounding the earth where all life exists
-focus of human impacts on biosphere

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10
Q

Explain the Canadian Salmon migration

A

-each year salmon migrate up Fraser river to spawn in their natal streams
-Temperatures in the fraser river have increased 2 degrees since 1960
-70% of fish may die before they spawn

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11
Q

Research conducted on Salmon migration

A

Question: does salmon stocks ability to migrate change when temperatures increase
Hypothesis: stocks exposed to higher temperatures in nature will be better adapted
Measured: aerobic space- difference between resting and max use of oxygen at each temperature in 8 different stocks
Results: only certain stocks preform well under wide range of temperatures
Meaning: increase in temp will decrease genetic diversity by limiting stocks

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12
Q

Conservation biology

A

aims to preserve and restore threatening populations, communities and ecosystems
-draws knowledge from other areas of study

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13
Q

Biogeography

A

the study of how species are distributed geographically
-history, climate and configuration of landforms determine where particular species live

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14
Q

Abiotic Factors

A

Non-living factors that limit where people and animals live

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15
Q

Geographical distribution/ range

A

where on earth a species lives
-no species lives everywhere

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16
Q

Niche

A

the suite of conditions a species can tolerate

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17
Q

Biotic factors affect of distribution of species

A

limits or expands distribution through factors such as competition, reproductive needs, parasitism, etc

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18
Q

Explain the example with testse flies limiting cattle distrubution

A

Testse flies carry trypanosoma which is deadly to cattle (sleeping sickness)
-biotic factor that effects distribution
-vary limited area where species both inhabit

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19
Q

Wallace Line

A

Division line between asia and australia cuased by ocean trench preventing species from dispersing across
-independent ecosystems evolved on either side of line

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20
Q

Human influences on species distrubution

A

affect species distributions through hunting farming and by physically moving them

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21
Q

Invasive species

A

when a exotic species is introduced into a new area and spreads rapidly and eliminates native species

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22
Q

Interaction between biotic and abiotic factors

A

-effects species distribution and abundance
-lion and water example

23
Q

Explain the argentine ant experiment

A

Experimental setup: set up 28 plots in the contact zone between argentine ants and native ants. Measure invasive ant activity in each plot using ant baits
-dry plots had poor preformance, wet plot had high preformance
-better preformance when native ants were removed

24
Q

Climate

A

the prevailing long-term weather conditions found in an area

25
Q

Weather

A

the specific short-term atmospheric conditions of temperature, precipitation, sunlight and wind

26
Q

Why are the tropics warmer than the poles

A

the angle that the sun hits the earth causes the same amount of sun to be spread out over a greater distance near the polls, the polls are also further from the sun

27
Q

Air circulation patterns

A

warm air expands and rises, when it rises it cools and sheds rain, cool air is pushed poleward, dense cool air falls, warms along earth surface and collects air as it moves towards the equator

28
Q

what are the names of the air circulation cells

A

polar cell, mid-latitude cell and hadley cell

29
Q

The Coriolis effect

A

the earth moves faster at the equator than the poles because it must travel a further distance to complete a rotation in the same time as such you will lag moving towards the equator and advance moving away from the equator

30
Q

Why do we have summer and winter

A

Earth on 23 degree tilt rotates around sun angling northern and southern hemispheres towards and away from the sun at different points in the year

31
Q

What is a rain shadow

A

moist warm air moves up mountain causing it to cool, sheds rain when cool, causes other side to be dry

32
Q

Why does the ocean affect climate

A

water has a high specific heat capacity
-it absorbs heat in the summer and releases it in the winter

33
Q

Def: biomes

A

regions defined by distinct abiotic characteristics and dominant vegetation

34
Q

What does the presentation of different biomes depend on

A

Temperature: defines range of species
Moisture: required for life
Sunlight: needed for photosynthesis
Wind: Exacerbates the effects of temperature and moisture

35
Q

Net primary productivity

A

carbon fixed - carbon used for cell respiration
-influenced by temperature and moisture

36
Q

7 major biomes

A

tundra, boreal forest, temperate coniferous forest, temperate forest, temperate grassland, subtropical desert, tropical wet forest

37
Q

Anthropogenic Biomes

A

Humans change land-use and have many other impacts, 75% of ice-free land is directly altered by Humans
-farming, logging, urban devleopment

38
Q

What tools can we use to predict how climate change will affect ecosystems

A

Simulation studies, observational studies, historical studies and experiments

39
Q

How much Neanderthal genome is scattered over difference non-African human genomes

A

about 1/5

40
Q

What are the Neanderthal alleles in AMH correlated with

A

coping with UV radiation, risk of depression, hypercoagulation and Tabaco use

41
Q

Population structure in humans

A

-The average proportion of genetic differences between individuals from difference populations only slightly exceeds that between unrelated individuals in the same population
-most genetic variation shared among populations

42
Q

Human demography

A

the study of the characteristics of human populations, such as size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics

43
Q

Human population growth

A

global population rate maximum occurred around 1970 (2.1%)
absolute annual increase in people peaked in 1990 (86 mill)

44
Q

What are 3 striking demographic transitions

A
  1. we are getting older as a population: before 200 young outnumbered old, now other way around
  2. urbanization: after 2010 urban outnumbered rural
  3. growth of developing world: in 1950 they had 2x as many people, in 2050 6x as many
45
Q

When does population growth stop

A

when the birth rate decreases to match the death rate

46
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of life on earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems and the ecological and evolutionary processes that sustain it

47
Q

What does biodiversity include

A

genetic variation, community diversity, ecosystem diversity, ecological processes, evolutionary processes, geographical variation

48
Q

Are human densities high in biodiversity hotspots

A

20% of the worlds population lives in a biodiversity hotspot and growth rates are higher than average in hotspots

49
Q

Extinction

A

over 99% of the species that ever existed have already gone extinct
rate of extinction has increased dramatically
result of climate change, proliferation of modern humans, disease and other factors

50
Q

Intrinsic values of biodiveristy

A

all species rely on other species to survive
genetic variation is necessary for adaption

51
Q

Antropocentric values of biodiversity

A

Direct value: goods - food, fuel, fiber, medicine, pesticides
Passive value: services - oxygen, carbon cycling, pollination, decomposition, nitrogen fixation, erosion control, climate change
Potential value: information
Psycho-spiritual/ aesthetic/non-use value

52
Q

Urbanization negatives

A

concentration of impact, strains capacity

53
Q

Urbanization positives

A

concentration of impact, economies of scale, abandonment of marginally productive lands

Bio 1M03 (12 decks)

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