Chapter 52 Flashcards

1
Q

Interaction types among species in a community

A
  1. Commensalism: when one species benefits but the other species in unaffected
  2. Competition: when individuals use the same resources - results in lower fitness for both
  3. Consumption: when one organism eats or absorbs nutrients from another - increases consumer’s fitness but decreasing the victim’s fitness
  4. Mutualism: when two species interact in a way the congers fitness benefits to both
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2
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

density-dependent competition

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3
Q

interspecific competition

A

when members of different species use the same limiting resources
-can be divided into direct and indirect

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4
Q

niche

A

a range of resources and conditions that species deals with
-overlap in niches leads to competition

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5
Q

Fundamental niche

A

the total theoretical range of environmental conditions that a species can tolerate

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6
Q

Realized Niche

A

the portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies, given limiting factors - competition with other species

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7
Q

Fitness trade-offs in competion

A

Ability to compete trades off with ability to withstand other factors

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8
Q

Niche differentiation

A

natural selection selects against individuals that compete

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9
Q

Herbivory

A

the consumption of plant or algal tissues by herbivores

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10
Q

Predation

A

the killing and consumption of most or all of another individual by a predator

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11
Q

Endoparasites

A

Live inside a host’s body and are usually simple and wormlike

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12
Q

Ectoparasites

A

live outside of hosts and typically have adaptations for harvesting fluids from host

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13
Q

Parasitoids

A

free living as adults but have endoparasitic larvae - usually fatal to hosts

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14
Q

Constitutive or Standing defenses

A

defenses that are always present
-cryptic coloration and object resemblance
-Escape behaviour
-toxins and other chemicals
-schooling flocking
-defense armor and weapons

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15
Q

Mimicry

A

the close resemblance of one species to another
-Batesian Mimicry: when nontoxic prey species resemble dangerous prey species. One species benefits
-Mullerian mimicry: when two harmful prey species resemble each other - Both benefit

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16
Q

Inducible defenses

A

traits produced in response to the presence of a predator
-less costly but take time - chemical, physical, behavioral

17
Q

Attributes of community structure

A
  1. The total number of species
  2. the general types and outcomes of interactions among all species
  3. the relative abundance of those species
  4. they physical aspects that matter
18
Q

Bottom-up influences on a food web

A

from plants/algae up the food chain

19
Q

Top down influences on a food web

A

primary by predators down the food chain

20
Q

Ecosystem engineers in food web

A

make habitats for other animals in web

21
Q

Trophic cascade

A

when impacts in a food web propagate down the web

22
Q

Disturbance

A

any strong, short-lived disruption to a community that changes the distribution of living or nonliving resources

23
Q

What factors is a disturbances impact a function of

A
  1. type of disturbance
  2. frequency of disturbance
  3. severity of disturbance
24
Q

Primary Succession

A

organisms colonize bare mineral soil

25
secondary succession
the soil is already present -faster recovery than primary succession
26
Steps of secondary succession in temperate forests
1. pioneering species: weedy species become established in disturbed soils 2. early successional community: weedy species are replaced with longer-lived herbaceous species 3. Mid-successional community: shrubs and short-lived trees begin to invade 4. climax community: long-lived trees species mature
27
Development of communities after disturbances
early succession species: -are short lived -small stature -disperse their seeds over long distances Later species: -long lived -larger -good competitors for light and nutrients
28
The role of species interactions in succession
1. Facilitation: existing species help those that arrive 2. Tolerance: existing species of not affect the arrivals 3. Inhibition: presence of one species inhibits the success of another
29
Species richness
the number of species present in a given community
30
species diversity
a weighted measure that incorporates a species' relative abundance
31
What factors predict species richness on islands
1. the number of existing species -immigration vs extinction 2. Island size -large vs small 3. remoteness of the island -nearshore vs remote
32
how does the size of an island effect species richness
-large island causes increased species richness -small island causes decreased species richness
33
How does the remoteness of an island effect species richness
-Remote island will decrease richness -nearshore island will increase richness
34
Global species richness patterns hypotheses
-high-productivity hypothesis -area and age hypothesis -environmental variability