Week 7 Flashcards
Define Arousal
It is a blend of physiological and psychological activity with an intensity dimension of motivation at a particular moment
(completely aroused = frenzied)
(not at all aroused = comatose)
What is Kahneman’s Theory of Attention?
Kahneman (1973) equates attention with “cognitive effort” and proposed a flexible capacity limits which vary depending on the environment, task being performed, and individual’s conditions (e.g. level of arousal or experience)
Define Anxiety
“a negative emotional state with feelings of nervousness, worry and apprehension are associated with activation or arousal of the body” (Weinberg & Gould, 2015)
What is Trait Anxiety?
An athletes disposition to interpreting a situation as threatening and responding with an increase in state anxiety
(A.K.A general anxiety)
What is State Anxiety?
Moment-to-moment changes in feelings of nervousness, worry, and apprehension associated with arousal of the body
(A.K.A momentary anxiety)
What is Cognitive State Anxiety?
Moment-to-moment changes in feelings of worry and apprehension associated with arousal of the body
What is Somatic State Anxiety?
Moment-to-moment changes in perceived physiological arousal
What is Perceived Control State Anxiety?
The degree to which one has the resources and ability to meet challenges
Define Stress
A substantial imbalance between the physical and psychological demands placed on an individual and their response capability, when failure to meet the demands have important consequences
What are the 4 stages of the Stress Model
- (McGrath, 1970)
- Stage 1: Environmental demand (physical and psychological
- Stage 2: Individual’s perception of the environmental demand (amount of psychological or physical “threat” perceived - trait anxiety)
- Stage 3: Stress response (arousal, muscle tension, attention changes or state anxiety)
- Stage 4: Behavioural consequences (performance or outcome)
Define Pressure
“Any factor or combination of factors that increases the importance of performing well” (Baumeister, 1984, p. 610)
What does the Drive Theory suggest?
- (Spence & Spence, 1966)
- Suggested that as the arousal of an individual progressively increases, so does performance of the individual
What does the Inverted-U Hypothesis suggest?
- (Landers & Arent, 2010)
- It suggested that being under or over-aroused led to poor performance, and being moderately aroused (optimally aroused) led to maximum performance
What does the Multidimensional Anxiety Theory suggest?
- (Martens et al., 1990)
- Suggests that cognitive anxiety leads to a negative gradient and confidence leads to a positive gradient on the arousal/performance diagram, whereas the Somatic anxiety has the inverted U shape as its gradient.
Define “Choking Under Pressure”
“The occurrence of an impairment in performance under pressure despite possessing the skills, motivation and ability to perform optimally is choking” (Baumeister & Showers, 1996)
