Week 6 Flashcards
What is a Motor Skill?
The observational attempt of a person to produce a voluntary action to achieve a specific goal/task.
What is a Gross Motor Skill?
Large muscle groups involved; low precision required
example: butterfly stroke or running
What is a Fine Motor Skill?
High precision required; hand-eye coordination necessary
example: Archery or Darts
What is a Closed Skill?
Performed in a stable environment with nothing affecting the skill
example: skills in football training
What is an Open Skill?
Performed in a changing environment that can affect the skill
example: skills in football match
What is Motor Learning?
Changes in internal process that determine a person’s capability for producing a motor task. The acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or being taught.
What is the Positive Transfer of Learning?
Learning can be positively transferred from practise to game situation when drills are similar in nature to the criterion task
What is the Negative Transfer of Learning?
Activities that may negatively transfer to the criterion task need to be avoided when performance is critical
What is the Near Transfer of Learning?
Transfer of learning is specific and closely approximates the ultimate situation
Example: Practising various plays before a volleyball tournament
What is the Far Transfer of Learning?
Useful for when interested in developing more general capabilities for a variety of skills; best applies when beginning to learn a skill such as the overhand throw, which you might be able to use previous skills for such as a baseball or an American football throw
What is Transfer-Appropriate Processing (Lee, 1988)
The notion that the best learning experiences are those that approximate most closely the processing activities of the real world
What are the 3 stages of Motor Learning?
Cognitive, Associative and Autonomous
What is the Cognitive Stage?
- Begins when task/skill is first introduced
- Performance is cognitively demanding and often slow
- Really conscious of completing the skill
- Instructions are required to correct errors
What is the Associative Stage?
- Performance becomes more controlled and consistent
- Fewer errors thus less instructions to fix errors
- Focus is more on the finer movements and details
What is the Autonomous Stage?
- Performance is automatic
- Attention can be drawn to other aspects such as creativity or strategy
- Performance improvements are slower and less obvious
- Main aim of the coach is to maintain motivation
What are Reinforcers in Operant Conditioning?
Responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behaviour being repeated
What are Punishers in Operant Conditioning?
Responses from the environment that decrease the probability of a behaviour being repeated. Punishment weakens behaviour
What are Criticisms of Associative Learning?
- Study is based on the behaviour of rats and comparing them to human behaviour; humans are more ‘cognitive’ creatures
- Humans have the knowledge to correct behaviour after less trials compared to another animal
What is the Closed Loop Model?
- Adam (1971)
- When completing a skill, the brain sends instructions to the body to complete the skill, then feedback and knowledge of results from the environment enables the performer to compare their movement with the ideal movement and can help the performer improve the movement of the skill
What are Criticisms of the Closed Loop Theory?
- Individual performing the skill is not aware of all the possible mistakes they are making, which may slow down improvement
- Many movements are performed really quickly and it may be difficult for the individual to perform the skill accurately
What is Schmidt’s Schema Theory?
Rather than storing an infinite number of references of correctness, the brain stores relationships between certain elements; referred to as a schema
What is Nominal task difficulty?
Includes only the characteristics of the task, irrespective of the person performing it or the conditions under which the task is performed
What is Functional task difficulty?
Refers to how challenging the task is relative to the skill of the individual performing the task and to the conditions under which it is being performed
What are Explicit and Implicit practises?
Explicit practises include the coach being the main source of fixing errors and helping improve skills by being declarative
Implicit practises include the athlete fixing his own errors with practise and with little to no instructions
