Week 4 Flashcards by Bartosh Podstepski

What is Memory?

Memory is the “capacity that permits organisms to benefit from their past experiences” - Endel Tulving (1985)

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What is Encoding?

A memory process involving the transformation of information to be remembered in to a form that can be stored in memory.

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What is Storage?

The process of placing information in long-term memory.

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What is Rehearsal?

A process that enables the individual to transfer information from the working memory to long-term memory.

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What is Retrieval?

A memory process involving the search through long-term memory for information needed to perform the task at hand.

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What is the Working Memory?

A system which incorporates characteristics and functions traditionally associated with sensory, perceptual, attentional, and short-term memory process.

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What is Long-Term Memory?

A component system in the structure of memory that serves as a relatively permanent storage repository for information.

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What are the 3 “systems” in long-term memory stated by Tulving in 1985?

Semantic Memory, Episodic Memory, and Procedural Memory.

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What is Semantic Memory?

Store general knowledge about the world that has developed from our experiences.

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What is Episodic Memory?

Knowledge about personally experienced events along with temporal associations.

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What is Procedural Memory?

Relates specifically to storing and retrieving information about motor skills.

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What is the Central Executive System?

Drives the whole system and allocates data to the other systems coordinating it with long-term memory. Also deals with cognitive tasks such as mental arithmetic and problem solving.

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What are the 3 Subsystems to working memory?

Phonological Loop, Visuo-spatial Sketch Pad, and the Episodic Buffer.

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What is the Phonological Loop?

Responsible for the short-term storage of verbal information.

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What is the Visuo-spacial Sketch Pad?

Visually detected spatial information is stored for short periods of time.

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What is the Episodic Buffer?

Integrates the other systems to form units of visual, spatial, and verbal information with time so that things occur in a continuing sequence. It provides the link between the subsystems and the long-term memory.

What is the Information Processing Theory?

Stimuli -> Short-term Memory -> Attention -> Working Memory -> Encode -> Long-term Memory

What is the Capacity of Short-Term Memory, Working Memory, and Long-Term Memory?

Short-term memory [3-7 units]
Working memory [7-9 chunks]
Long-term memory [infinite]

What is the Duration of Short-Term Memory, Working Memory, and Long-Term Memory?

Short-term memory [0.5-3 seconds]
Working memory [5-30 seconds]
Long-term memory [permanent]

What is Attention?

The focalisation and limitation of information processing resources.

What is Reaction Time?

The time between the onset of a stimulus, or stimuli, and the initiation of a movement (Magill & Anderson, 2010)

What is an Explicit Memory Test?

Tests that assess what a person can consciously remember.

What is a Recognition Test?

Requires a person to select a correct response from several alternative responses i.e. multiple choice exam

What is a Recall Test?

requires a person to produce a require response with few, if any, available cues or aids.

What was Welford's (1952) early filter theory?

- All processes require attention | - Only one stimulus-response operation at a time

What was Broadbent's (1985) early filter theory?

- Attention required at a later stage - Parallel processing up to filter - Single channel following filter - Filter is perceptual analysis; i.e. physical properties

What is Deutsh & Deutsh (1963) and Norman (1968) early filter theory?

- Perceptual analysis is automatic - Filter is later on based on semantic characteristics i.e. stimulus content - The 'Cocktail Party Effect'

What are the 4 components of Nideffer's (1993) Attentional Focus Model?

External/Internal & Broad/Narrow

What is Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA)?

Separation between the onset of the two stimuli (first task and secondary task)

What is the Psychological Refractory Period ?

Refers to the period of time during which the response to a second stimulus is significantly slowed because a first stimulus is still being processed

What is the Psychological Refractory Period ?

Refers to the period of time during which the response to a second stimulus is significantly slowed because a first stimulus is still being processed

What is Hick's Law (1952)?

The time is takes to make a decision increases with the number and complexity of choices

What are the causes of forgetting?

Trace Decay - when forgetting occurs with the passing of time Forgetting typically refers to a retrieval problem rather than to information no longer in memory For long-term memory it is more likely that forgetting involves the misplacing of information or interference from other activity rather than decay

What is Proactive Interference?

Old information hinders recall of new information | -For example, memory of an old locker combination interferes with recall of a new gym locker combination

What is Retroactive Interference?

New information hinders recall of old information | -For example, knowledge of new email interferes with recall of old email

What are 4 Strategies to Enhancing Memory Performance?

1. Increasing meaningfulness 2. The intention to remember 3. Subjective Organisation (when learning large amount of information, grouping or organising the information in to units/groups helps) 4. The Encoding Specificity Principle (the more similarity between the practise and the test itself, the better the test performance e.g. practising match situations, helps performance in the match itself)