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Research Methods > Week 6: Quantitative Research > Flashcards

Week 6: Quantitative Research Flashcards

1
Q

how do we create a representative group in quantitative research

A

sampling

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2
Q

what is a sampling plan?

A

how the subjects will be selected

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3
Q

how can researchers determine eligibility in a sample

A

inclusion criteria

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4
Q

what is a representative sample

A

is one whose characteristics closely approximate those of the population. Example: gender or age group.

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5
Q

what does inclusion criteria mean

A

are the defined attributes of a target population. Example: diagnosis, age group, practice constraints of convenience, people’s ability/interest to participate, research design considerations (i.e. placebo vs drug), presence of symptoms (i.e. migraine aura).

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6
Q

what are characteristics that a population of people must not possess

A

exclusion criteria

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7
Q

what are the two goals in sampling plan

A

representativeness and adequate size

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8
Q

what is a subpopulation within the overall population (1 or more characteristics)

A

strata

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9
Q

what type of sampling is accomplished over multiple stages

A

staged sampling

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10
Q

what is the systemic overrepresentation or underrepresentation of a population subgroup on a characteristic relevant to the research question

A

bias

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11
Q

what there is a difference between sample value and population value what is seen

A

sampling error

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12
Q

what is a probability sampling strategy

A

random selection of elements = ensures greater confidence in representativeness

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13
Q

what is non-probability sampling

A

sampling that uses selection of non-random methods

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14
Q

in what type of sampling is the sample selected based on the researchers judgement

A

non-probability sampling

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15
Q

in which type of sampling does everyone have an equal chance of being selected

A

probability

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16
Q

which type of sampling is bias more a concern

A

non-probability sampling

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17
Q

when might it be good idea to use non-probability sampling

A

Useful in environment that shares similar traits

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18
Q

which population sampling method is useful when researchers need to ensure accuracy

A

probability

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19
Q

which type of sample makes finding the target population simple

A

non- probability

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20
Q

list 3 reasons why probability sampling would be choose

A

When you want to reduce the sampling bias
When the population is usually diverse
To create an accurate sample

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21
Q

what are the 4 types f probability samples

A
  1. simple random sample
  2. stratified random sample
  3. cluster sample
  4. systemic sample
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22
Q

which type of probability sample is entirely random

A

simple random sampling

23
Q

which type of probability sample assigns numbers to all the individuals

A

simple random sample

24
Q

which type of sample involves dividing people into smaller homogenous groups that don’t usually overlap

A

stratified random sampling

25
Q

which type of sampling involves subgroups being organized

A

stratified random sample

26
Q

in which group sampling does subgroups are organized, and then a random sample is drawn from each group separately

A

stratified random sampling

27
Q

in what type of probability sampling are broad groups rather then individuals selected

A

clusters

28
Q

what is an example of cluster sampling

A

hospitals, universities, country, state or region. Then the researcher creates smaller subunits: family, city, school programs and departments.

29
Q

when every 6th individual or 10th case is select, what type of probability sampling is this called

A

systemic sampling

30
Q

what are the different types of non-probability sampling researchers can use?

A
  1. convince
  2. consecutive
  3. purposive
  4. quota
  5. snowball
31
Q

what is convince sampling

A

recruit from the most conveniently available participants.

32
Q

what is a downside of convince sampling

A

Downside is that those who participate may be atypical of the population on the study outcomes.

33
Q

how does consecutive sampling work

A

recruiting all the people from an accessible population who meet the eligibility criteria over a specific time interval or for a specified sample size

34
Q

what is the downside of purposive sampling

A

Downside is that the preconceived notions of a researcher can influence the results

35
Q

what is quota sampling

A

a sample is selected using quotas for certain subgroups based on population proportions to increase the representativeness of the sample

36
Q

what is non probability susceptible to

A

decreased rigor and quality judgements about research designs

37
Q

when do quantitative studies use a power analysis

A

When you need to define an effect of an intervention on a specific group of people with a defined trait or condition that is under study.

38
Q

what is a power analysis

A

a mathematical procedure used to estimate sample size requirements

39
Q

After establishing your RQ and study outcome variable, you must determine an adequate sample size for the study, which often requires a ___

A

power analysis

40
Q

what is a type 1 error

A

rejecting H0 when it is true

false positive

41
Q

type 2 error is when ______

A

accepting the H0 when it is false

false negative

42
Q

a false positive is also known as

A

type 1 error

43
Q

a false negative is also known as ___

A

type 2 error

44
Q

p< 0.001 =

A

very strong evidence against the null hypothesis

45
Q

what drives the type 1 errors

A

significance level (a)

46
Q

0.05

A

good evidence against null hypothesis

47
Q

H0 =

A

there are no mean differences between groups

48
Q

Ha=

A

there are mean differences between groups

49
Q

how do researchers control type 1 errors

A

by setting α at a level they are comfortable with

50
Q

how do researchers control type 2 errors

A

by setting power (1-β) at 80% or 20% risk of committing a Type II error

51
Q

the higher the number of observations (or participants)

A

the higher the power of the statistical test.

52
Q

a nurse who conducts a study of teenage risk-taking by recruiting students from a local youth organization is relying on

A

convince sampling

53
Q

what type of sample: studied the relationship between smoking in the home and lung cancer worry and perceived risk. They recruited a sample of 515 homeowners in Kentucky. They used______ sampling to ensure that half of the sample had a smoker in the home and half did not.

A

quota

54
Q

example of a homogeneous strata

A

gender

Research Methods (9 decks)

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