Week 6: Quantitative Research

Question 1

how do we create a representative group in quantitative research

Answer 1

sampling

Question 2

what is a sampling plan?

Answer 2

how the subjects will be selected

Question 3

how can researchers determine eligibility in a sample

Answer 3

inclusion criteria

Question 4

what is a representative sample

Answer 4

is one whose characteristics closely approximate those of the population. Example: gender or age group.

Question 5

what does inclusion criteria mean

Answer 5

are the defined attributes of a target population. Example: diagnosis, age group, practice constraints of convenience, people’s ability/interest to participate, research design considerations (i.e. placebo vs drug), presence of symptoms (i.e. migraine aura).

Question 6

what are characteristics that a population of people must not possess

Answer 6

exclusion criteria

Question 7

what are the two goals in sampling plan

Answer 7

representativeness and adequate size

Question 8

what is a subpopulation within the overall population (1 or more characteristics)

Answer 8

strata

Question 9

what type of sampling is accomplished over multiple stages

Answer 9

staged sampling

Question 10

what is the systemic overrepresentation or underrepresentation of a population subgroup on a characteristic relevant to the research question

Answer 10

bias

Question 11

what there is a difference between sample value and population value what is seen

Answer 11

sampling error

Question 12

what is a probability sampling strategy

Answer 12

random selection of elements = ensures greater confidence in representativeness

Question 13

what is non-probability sampling

Answer 13

sampling that uses selection of non-random methods

Question 14

in what type of sampling is the sample selected based on the researchers judgement

Answer 14

non-probability sampling

Question 15

in which type of sampling does everyone have an equal chance of being selected

Answer 15

probability

Question 16

which type of sampling is bias more a concern

Answer 16

non-probability sampling

Question 17

when might it be good idea to use non-probability sampling

Answer 17

Useful in environment that shares similar traits

Question 18

which population sampling method is useful when researchers need to ensure accuracy

Answer 18

probability

Question 19

which type of sample makes finding the target population simple

Answer 19

non- probability

Question 20

list 3 reasons why probability sampling would be choose

Answer 20

When you want to reduce the sampling bias
When the population is usually diverse
To create an accurate sample

Question 21

what are the 4 types f probability samples

Answer 21

1. simple random sample
2. stratified random sample
3. cluster sample
4. systemic sample

Question 22

which type of probability sample is entirely random

Answer 22

simple random sampling

Question 23

which type of probability sample assigns numbers to all the individuals

Answer 23

simple random sample

Question 24

which type of sample involves dividing people into smaller homogenous groups that don’t usually overlap

Answer 24

stratified random sampling

Question 25

which type of sampling involves subgroups being organized

Answer 25

stratified random sample

Question 26

in which group sampling does subgroups are organized, and then a random sample is drawn from each group separately

Answer 26

stratified random sampling

Question 27

in what type of probability sampling are broad groups rather then individuals selected

Answer 27

clusters

Question 28

what is an example of cluster sampling

Answer 28

hospitals, universities, country, state or region. Then the researcher creates smaller subunits: family, city, school programs and departments.

Question 29

when every 6th individual or 10th case is select, what type of probability sampling is this called

Answer 29

systemic sampling

Question 30

what are the different types of non-probability sampling researchers can use?

Answer 30

1. convince 2. consecutive 3. purposive 4. quota 5. snowball

Question 31

what is convince sampling

Answer 31

recruit from the most conveniently available participants.

Question 32

what is a downside of convince sampling

Answer 32

Downside is that those who participate may be atypical of the population on the study outcomes.

Question 33

how does consecutive sampling work

Answer 33

recruiting all the people from an accessible population who meet the eligibility criteria over a specific time interval or for a specified sample size

Question 34

what is the downside of purposive sampling

Answer 34

Downside is that the preconceived notions of a researcher can influence the results

Question 35

what is quota sampling

Answer 35

a sample is selected using quotas for certain subgroups based on population proportions to increase the representativeness of the sample

Question 36

what is non probability susceptible to

Answer 36

decreased rigor and quality judgements about research designs

Question 37

when do quantitative studies use a power analysis

Answer 37

When you need to define an effect of an intervention on a specific group of people with a defined trait or condition that is under study.

Question 38

what is a power analysis

Answer 38

a mathematical procedure used to estimate sample size requirements

Question 39

After establishing your RQ and study outcome variable, you must determine an adequate sample size for the study, which often requires a ___

Answer 39

power analysis

Question 40

what is a type 1 error

Answer 40

rejecting H0 when it is true false positive

Question 41

type 2 error is when ______

Answer 41

accepting the H0 when it is false false negative

Question 42

a false positive is also known as

Answer 42

type 1 error

Question 43

a false negative is also known as ___

Answer 43

type 2 error

Question 44

p< 0.001 =

Answer 44

very strong evidence against the null hypothesis

Question 45

what drives the type 1 errors

Answer 45

significance level (a)

Question 46

0.05

Answer 46

good evidence against null hypothesis

Question 47

H0 =

Answer 47

there are no mean differences between groups

Question 48

Ha=

Answer 48

there are mean differences between groups

Question 49

how do researchers control type 1 errors

Answer 49

by setting α at a level they are comfortable with

Question 50

how do researchers control type 2 errors

Answer 50

by setting power (1-β) at 80% or 20% risk of committing a Type II error

Question 51

the higher the number of observations (or participants)

Answer 51

the higher the power of the statistical test.

Question 52

a nurse who conducts a study of teenage risk-taking by recruiting students from a local youth organization is relying on

Answer 52

convince sampling

Question 53

what type of sample: studied the relationship between smoking in the home and lung cancer worry and perceived risk. They recruited a sample of 515 homeowners in Kentucky. They used______ sampling to ensure that half of the sample had a smoker in the home and half did not.

Answer 53

quota

Question 54

example of a homogeneous strata

Answer 54

gender