week 6- psychosocial, cultural and spiritual Flashcards
sociological theories of aging
disengagement theory, activity theory, continuity theory, social exchange theory, age stratification theory
disengagement theory
old age is a time when both the older adult and society engage in mutual separation, as in the case of retirement
activity theory
based on the belief that remaining as active as possible contributes to successful aging
continuity theory
people are motivated toward inner psychological continuity as well as outward continuity of social behaviour and circumstances
social exchange theories
challenges the activity theory, based on the consideration of the cost-benefit model of social participation
age stratification theory
government, business and institutions create structures, programs and services by age
developmental theories of aging
- theorizes a predetermined order of development and specific tasks that were associated with specific periods in the course of life
- each task needs to be successfully completed before moving on to the next stage of life
- the task of middle age was generativity; contributing to the future/future generations in meaningful ways
- the last stage of life was a vantage point where you could look back with ego integrity or despair
havighurst’s developmental tasks- middle age
- assisting teenage children with becoming responsible and happy adults
- achieving adult social and civic responsibility
- reaching and maintaining satisfactory performance in one’s occupational career
- developing adult leisure-time activities
- relating to one’s spouse as a person
- accepting and adjusting to the physiological changes of middle age
- adjusting to aging parents
havighurst’s developmental tasks- later maturity
- adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health
- adjusting to retirement and reduced income
- adjusting to the death of a spouse
- establishing an explicit affiliation with one’s age group
- adopting and adapting social roles in a flexible way
- establishing satisfactory living arrangements
peck’s developmental theory of aging
- defined specific tasks that must be addressed in order to establish ego integrity
- ego differentiation versus work role preoccupation; the individual is no longer defined by their work
- body transcendence versus body preoccupation; the body is cared for but does not consume the interest and attention of the individual
- ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation; the self becomes less central, and the person feels a part of the mass of humanity, sharing its struggles and its destiny
theory of gerotranscendence
human aging brings about a general potential for gerotranscendence, a gradual and ongoing shift in perspective from the material world to the cosmic world
characteristics of gerotranscendence
- high degree of satisfaction with life
- prime motivators other than midlife patterns and ideals
- complex and active coping patterns
- greater need for solitary philosophizing, meditation, and solitude
- satisfaction with self-selected social activities
- less concern with body image and material possessions
- decreased fear of death
affinity with past and future generations - decreased self-centredness and increased altruism
spirituality
the intangible and immaterial, not associated with a particular group or organization
why is spirituality important for older adults?
spirituality and religious practices of older adults are linked to positive health outcomes in regard to life expectancy, CV conditions, chronic conditions, disability and mental health
FICA spirituality tool
F: faith, belief, meaning
- is spirituality important to them and if so, do they identify with a particular belief system?
I: importance and influence
- understand the importance of spirituality to the person and its influence on HC decisions
C: community
- find out if the patient is part of a spiritual community
A: address/action in care
- learn how to address spiritual issues with regards to caring for the patient
what are some ways nurses can engage patients and respond to spirituality?
- regard spirituality as a potentially important component of every patient’s well-being
- address spirituality at each complete physical examination and continue addressing it at follow-up visits if appropriate
- if a patient presents with distress, always assess for psycho-social and spiritual distress as well as physical
- respect a patient’s privacy regarding spiritual beliefs
- make referrals to chaplains, spiritual directors, or community resources as appropriate
- be aware that your own spiritual beliefs will help you personally and will overflow in your encounters with patients
cultural awareness
- openness and self-reflection
- consider whether a person holds any personal beliefs about a culture and whether they affect care delivery
- recognizing the presence of ageism and racism
cultural knowledge
- what a nurse brings to the caring situation as well as what a nurse learns about older adults, their families, communities, behaviours and expectations
- essential knowledge includes the person’s way of life
cross-cultural nursing
- developing a sense of mutual respect between the nurse and the older person
- providing the highest quality of care for ethnically diverse elders and enhancing healthy aging
- working with not on the patient
LEARN model
L- listen to what the older adult is saying, attend to both the words and nonverbal communication
E- explain your perception of the situation and the problems
A- acknowledge and discuss both the similarities and differences between your perceptions and goals and those of the older person
R- recommend a plan of action that takes both perspectives into account
N- negotiate a plan that is mutually acceptable
