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BPK 241 > Week 6 [not including lab] > Flashcards

Week 6 [not including lab] Flashcards

1
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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2
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there? Describe them

A

12 pairs

  • 1 to 7 attach to the sternum (true ribs)
  • 8 to 10 share one attachment (false ribs)
  • 11 to 12 do not attach to the sternum (false ribs)
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3
Q

What do the intercostal muscles do?

A

elevate the sternum which opens up the rib cage

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4
Q

Define: mediastinum

A 
central compartment of the thoracic cavity
contains:
- heart
- aorta and various branches
- superior vena cava and tributaries
- Azygous vein
- Trachea
- Esophagus
- Vagus nerves and others
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5
Q

Describe thorax muscle strains

  • common in ____?
  • SSx
  • Tx
A
  • common in running
  • intercostals, diaphragm, others
  • Ssx: pain on deep inspiration, dyspnea, tenderness
  • Tx: rest, analgesics
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6
Q

Define: dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

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7
Q

Describe rib fractures

  • Hx
  • SSx
  • Tx
A
  • Hx: direct blow; compression (tackle)
  • SSx: severe inspiratory pain and dyspnea, tenderness, maybe crepitus, (xray doesn’t help most of the time)
  • Tx: rest, analgesics
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8
Q

Describe a costochondral sprain or dislocation?

A
  • common in running
  • intercostals, diaphragm, others
  • Ssx: pain on deep inspiration, dyspnea, tenderness, crepitus, deformity
  • Tx: rest, analgesics, surgery, prolotherapy (injecting a sugar solution to encourage scar tissue to form which will stabilize the joints)
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9
Q

Define: pneumothorax

  • give Ssx
  • give Tx
  • explain open vs closed pneumothorax
A

pneumothorax: collapsed lung
- Ssx: severe dyspnea, shock, cyanosis, rapid RR (respiratory rate), Hx of puncture if open
- Tx: cover opening, NPO, hospital ASAP
- open: air accumulates between the chest wall and the lung as the result of an open chest wound or other physical defect
- closed: blunt chest trauma causes lung tissue to rupture, resulting in air leakage from the lung into the pleural space

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10
Q

Define: flail chest

  • Ssx

- Tx

A

flail chest: multiple rib fractures which causes paradoxical motion of part of the chest wall

  • Ssx and Tx = same as pneuomothroax
  • Ssx: severe dyspnea, shock, cyanosis, rapid RR (respiratory rate), Hx of puncture if open
  • Tx: cover opening, NPO, hospital ASAP
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11
Q

The inguinal ligament attaches to what?

A

ASIS to pubic tubercle

- anterior superior iliac spine

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12
Q

Where is the site of inguinal herniation?

A

Inguinal canal

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13
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A
  • passage in the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall for spermatic cord in males or round ligament of uterus in females
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14
Q

List the location of the femoral triangle; what injury can occur here?

A
  • below the inguinal ligament

- femoral herniation

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15
Q

Blow to the coeliac (solar) plexus

  • mechanism
  • Ssx
  • Tx
A
  • mechanism: trauma to the central abdomen leads to nerve concussion; transient paralysis of the diaphragm
  • Ssx: ache, shortness of breathing/dyspnea, anxiety
  • Tx: relaxation (short inhalation, long exhalation), reassurance, observe!
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16
Q

Side stitch

  • define
  • Ssx
  • Tx
A
  • strain or contusion of abdominal muscle
  • SSx: crampy pain, worse with inspiration
  • Tx: stretching, analgesics, rest
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17
Q

Herniae

  • definition
  • mechanism
  • degrees
A
  • Protrusion of abdominal contents through defect in muscle/fascia
  • mechanism: predisposition (weakness), valsalva, direct blow
  • degrees: reducible, incarcerated, strangulated (emergency, nausea, vomiting, intense pain, NPO, transport ASAP)
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18
Q

Types of herniae

A
  • inguinal (majority, male or female)

- femoral (uncommon; more common in females)

19
Q

Herniae

  • SSx
  • Tx
A
  • SSx: pull or weakness, aching pain, swelling or tenderness above or below inguinal ligament, pain and swelling worsen with cough or repeated valsalva
  • Tx: strengthen abdomen, surgery
20
Q

Athletic pubalgia/sports hernia - Define

  • Ssx
  • Ax
  • Tx
A
  • tear of abdominal muscles or tendon (rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique) at attachment to pubic tubercle
  • entrapment of inguinal or genitofemoral nerve
  • often labral tear and adductor strain associated with it
  • SSx: Chronic groin pain, pain with twisting, hip extension, possible pain into testicle
  • Ax: pt history, physical exam, MRI
  • Tx: rest, surgery
21
Q

What is an enlarged spleen indicative of?

A

mononucleosis

22
Q

Give the name for the C1 vertebrae and the head movement it is responsible for

A

atlas

- skull flexion and extension

23
Q

Give the name for the C2 vertebrae

A

axis

- C1 pivots on the C2

24
Q

Give the name for the C7 vertebrae

A

vertebra prominens

25
Q

Where do the spinal nerves exit on for the C1-C7 vertebrae?

A

exit above same vertebrae

26
Q

Where do the spinal nerves exit on for the C8 vertebrae?

A

exits between C7 and T1

27
Q

The spinal nerves on the C5-T1 vertebrae form what?

A

brachial plexus

28
Q

The C3-C7 vertebrae nerves innervate what?

A

the diaphragm

29
Q

Which facial bone is not fragile?

A

mandible

30
Q

How should you manage neck injuries?

A
  • stabilize and get a physician to assess it
  • if Hx of severe trauma, or neurological SSx exist, assume fracture and nerve damage
  • rest
  • soft collar?
  • NSAID
  • physiotherapy/ massage therapy
31
Q

Define: concussion

A

immediate, transient (temporary) neurological dysfunction due to trauma to brain; involves tearing of axons; brain must recover by finding new pathways to use

32
Q

Physical symptoms of a concussion

A 
headache
dizziness
ringing in the ears
pressure in the head
neck pain/stiffness
see stars/flashing lights
vision problems
balance problems
nausea/vomitting
33
Q

Behavioural/emotional symptoms of a concussion

A 
personality changes
concentration problems
confusion
disorientation
sleeping more or less than usual
trouble falling asleep or staying asleep
drowsiness/fatigue
emotional/irritable/anxious/depressed
34
Q

Thinking/cognitive symptoms of a concussion

A 
memory problems (events leading up to injury and events after the injury)
concentration problems
mental fog
slow to respond to questions
trouble finding words
confusion/disorientation
35
Q

What is the very well known concussion assessment tool?

A

SCAT5 (sport concussion assessment tool)

36
Q

Concussion treatment

A
  • if unconscious, stabilize and get to hospital ASAP
  • ABCD serial assessment 24 hours
  • limit mental activity, gradually increase physical activity
  • no sports until SSx absent for weeks
37
Q

What are some concussion complications?

A
  • Epidural haematoma (arterial)
  • Subdural haematoma (venus)
  • Airway obstruction
  • Skull fracture (leads to infection)
38
Q

Mandibular fracture or/and temporomandibular dislocation

  • Hx
  • SSx
  • Tx
A

Hx: direct blow
Sx: deformity, spasm (threatens airway)
Tx: ABCD’s, stabilize, hospital ASAP

39
Q

Nasal injury (fracture)

  • Hx
  • SSx
  • Tx
A
  • Hx: direct blow
  • SSx: pain, swelling, crepitus, deformity, epistaxis, uneven air entry
  • Tx: cold compress; to MD soon
40
Q

Nasal injury (epistaxis)

  • define
  • Hx
  • Tx
A
  • define: bloody nose
  • Hx: direct blow, sinusitis, picking your nose too much
  • Tx: elevation, cold, pressure
  • MD assess and Tx if persists or recurs
41
Q

External ear contusion

  • Hx
  • SSx
  • complications
  • Tx
  • prevention
A
  • Hx: direct blow
  • SSx: swelling, bruising, tenderness
  • complications: deformity
  • Tx: cold pack, compress, MD may aspirate
  • prevention: ear protection
42
Q

How can an eye injury occur?

A 
contusion
foreign body
laceration
abrasion
infection
43
Q

What to do if you have a tooth fracture

A 
save fragment (cold milk)
see dentist within 2 hours

BPK 241 (7 decks)

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