Week 6| Motivation Flashcards
What is the definition of motivation, effort, persistence and direction?
Motivation is the degree of effort and persistence towards a certain goal
effort: the amount of physical and cognitive effort put into achieving a goal
persistence: level of persistence in application effort to achieve a work-related goal (how long oyu try despite adversity)
direction: persistent effort directed towards legitimate goal (i.e. organizational vs shared goal)
What 3 steps are there to achieve motivation?
- starts with physiological or psychological deficiency or need that
- activates a behaviour or drive
- is aimed at a goal or incentive
needs (i.e physiological, psychological wants or needs) -> Behaviours ( drive to acquire the goal) -> Incentives (i.e. the goal )
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? (def)
Humans are motivated by an universla set of needs and deisres that cluster into five main categories
This creates an escalating degree of conscious intent-> we tend to pursue a need if it’s in deficit, but once achieved we move on to pursue the next need
- needs come in a hierarchy of importance
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Advantages:
- has had an enduring influence on our understanding of motivation
- Provides us with an appeal and attractive idea of how things should be
- Crucial influence on our idea of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards in organizations
Disadvantages:
- content theories lack explanatory power regarding complexities of work motivation
- Little evidence of “progression” principle. People will forego lower order needs to pursue higher order ones
What do people vary in needs for?
- achievement
- affiliation
- power
What is the expectancy theory?
- Motivation is determined by outcomes people expect to occur as a result of their work activities
- people will be motivated to work in work activities that they find attractive and feel they can accomplish
- if people feel that their work reward is not attractive, then the activities that lead to reward, their efforts will decrease
- Different individuals will perceive different outcomes as more or less desirable (e.g., pay vs job security): different things will motivate different people
What is the equation for expectational force?
Effective motivational force= EP x PO x V
Expectancy that extra effort will lead to improved performance
PO: belief that improved performance will lead to a positive outcome
V= Valence (i.e. desirability) for the individual of the expected outcome
effort -> performance -> reward outcomes
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expectancy instrumentality valence
What is the equity theory?
Equity theory (Adams)
- We compare the effort we invest in a job with the reward we receive (an exchange relationship)
- Individuals are motivated to maintain an equitable exchange relationship
- We make comparisons with others with similar levels of skill who are doing similar jobs
- We come up with a ratio that expresses the comparative equity of efforts and rewards
- Example: Jim and I have the same qualification, and both have 5 years work experience, Jim makes $100000 p.a. but I only make $60000… wait a moment, that’s not fair!
What is the state of inequity? Equity theory
Negative inequity:
ourself : Outcomes/inputs < others: outcomes/input
What is the state of equity?
person: outcome/input = others: outcome/input
What is the response to perceived inequity?
Response to perceived inequity:
Perceived inequity -> tension within the individual -> motivation to reduce tension -> inequity response
How do we respond better to inequity?
Perceptually distort our own effort and reward
Perceptually distort the efforts and rewards of the comparison person
Choose another comparison person
Alter our effort or see to alter our reward
Move to another job
Note: collectivist cultures tend to favour reward allocation based on equality (same reward irrespective of productivity) rather than equity
What do equity and expectancy theory both show?
- Tie rewards to performance
- Preferably tie them to performance close in time
- Use valued rewards (valance)
- Be aware of the equity and fairness of the distribution of rewards
- Incentive: looks to the future (getting your needs met)
- Reward: looks to the past (rewarding prior performance)
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic motivation: motivation that stems from the direct relationship between worker and task e.g. feeling of competence, challenge, achievement, making a difference
Extrinsic motivation: motivation that stems from the environment external to the task comes from others, e.g. public recognition, bonus payment
What can money mean to people?
security freedom autonomy achievement recognition status self-worth respect from others
