Week 6 - LTM Flashcards
3 stages of LTM
1= Encoding
2= Storage
3= Retrieval
4 reasons why we forget and memories fade
- INTERFERENCE THEORIES: new and old memories interfere with each other (proactive vs retroactive)
- MEMORY REPRESSION: memories are blocked with high stress
- MOTIVATED FORGETTING: conscious internal memory repression
- CUE DEPENDANT FORGETTING: memories fade due to lack of context cues
Features of declarative long-term memory
- Knowing what, explicit
- Memory of facts and events
- Consciously recalled
- Content addressable
- Can result in false memories
Features of non-declarative LTM
- Knowing how, implicit
- Memory of skills
- Unconsciously recalled
-Addressed and used without conscious control/ attention
-Often investigated via behaviour learning and priming
What the two stores that declarative memory is split into
Episodic (events, contextual, mental)
Semantic (objects, meaning, facts, people)
Loss of semantic memory without loss of episodic often shown : independent stores
2 Types of amnesia resulting in impairments with the episodic and semantic memory
- ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA: Problems with memories for events AFTER damage - episodic but no semantic due to hippocampus damage
- RETROGRADE AMNESIA: Memory issues before damage - episodic impaired more than semantic, MTL damage
Define cue dependant forgetting
- Failure to recall a memory due to missing cue/ stimuli that was present in time of encoding
Evidence for context dependant memory
- [Godden and Baddely] learn and test divers memory underwater vs on land : higher recall on land
- [Tulving] : retrieval success related to degree of overlap between info present and retrieval
Evidence for semantic memory being like a database of knowledge
- [Collins + Quillian] : structured like a hierarchal network
- [Smith, Shoben & Rips] : structured feature sets
- Cognitively economical
Explain the hierarchal distance effect
- Quicker to verify relations from similar levels
- Takes longer for activation to spread across network
Explain how concepts can be represented as sets of features (semantic memory)
- Desicions about categories based on overlap in features that are / aren’t shared
- Can help explain typicality effects
Other models of semantic memory
- Sensory Function Models (divided into sensory features and functional features)
- Simulation Models (ground cognition, based on simulation)
Define Procedural Memory (Non-Declarative Memory)
- Skill learning, gradual improvements in performance with practice
- HM star tracing task
- Often observed in amnesic patrients
How is priming used to improve procedural memory?
Repetition Priming :
- Perceptual Priming = Repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to facilitated processing of its perceptual features
- Conceptual Priming = repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to facilitated processing of its meaning
