Week 11 - Problem Solving and Expertise Flashcards
1
Q
What is a problem?
A
- Situation that blocks an achievement of a goal
-Learned or habitual solutions can’t be relied on
2
Q
Explain well defined problems
A
- Clearly defined goals and options for solving
- Way to measure the quality of solutions (easier to study)
- Eg. puzzles
3
Q
Explain ill defined problem
A
-Goals , options , quality of solution , hard to define
- Most real life problems
4
Q
Define Gestalt Approach
A
- Rejection of trial and error to look at solving problems through INSIGHT (sudden change in representation of problems)
5
Q
Explain Analogical Transfer
A
- Shifting problem representation by seeing solution to one problem through analogy with another
- Process of mapping solution from source problem onto target problem
6
Q
When does analogical transfer succeed?
A
- When problems are directly compared
- Problem content is similar
- When we notice problems are similar on the kinds of steps needed / structural similarity
7
Q
Problem Representation : Challenges
A
- Surface Features : irrelevant but salient aspects of a problem
- Functional Fixedness : tenancy to stay stuck on usual use of problem elements
- Einstellung : tenancy to rely on known solutions , miss better solutions
8
Q
Features of the Computational Approach
A
- Problem solving as hill climbing
- Difficulty of backtracking ( move back from goal to allow later achievement)
- Means end analysis look for actions that can remove specific differences between goal and goal state)
- Supported by subgoals (intermediate goals)
9
Q
Explain general problem solver
A
- Uses means end analysis
- Problem solver has greater awareness of how to break the problem down into sub-problems
- BUT needs to be given problem knowledge (what methods / how to measure goal distance / how applying method changes states)
10
Q
Difference between getting smarter and getting better
A
Smarter = brain training, music training , exercise
Better = Practising a skill ??
11
Q
Define what it means to expertise
A
- Acquiring knowledge and skill in a particular domain through extended experience
- Deliberate practice needed [Ericsson + Charness] : constant focus and coaching with feedback
12
Q
Link between expertise and working memory
A
- 1 participant studied with a 1hr memory digit task : 3-5x a week
- Initial span of 7 digits , after 200hrs , 80 digits
- Specific strategy showing identifying chunks and retrieval cues to chunks (LTM)
13
Q
Explain the chunk theory
A
- Chess players have much more information in LTM and encode larger chunks
14
Q
Explain the template theory
A
- Chunks that are experienced together form templates
- Templates are more abstract , specify likely positions of pieces relevant to reference piece
15
Q
Feature of expert attention
A
- Expertise can help train attention to diagnostic info
- eg. doctors detecting abnormalities in medical images , fingerprint examiners locating features identifying fingerprints
