Week 6 Inflammation- Nelson

Question 1

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 1

redness
swelling
heat
pain
loss of function

Question 2

Key stimuli for acute inflammation

Answer 2

tissue necrosis (trauma, chemical, or thermal injury)
infection agents (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic)
foreign bodies (splinters/dirt)
immune reactions (hypersensitivity reactions)

Question 3

Three major components of the acute inflammatory response

Answer 3

• dilation of small vessels that increase blood flow
• increased permeability of microvasculature that allow plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave circulation
• emigration of leukocytes from microcirculation, their accumulation at the site of injury and their activation to eliminate the offending agent

Question 4

three key steps involved in extravasation of neutrophils

Answer 4

1. margination (stasis)
2. leukocytes roll along vessel wall
3. Selectins (on endothelium) and Inegrins (only on leukocytes) adhere to each other. (Adhesion molecules are regulated by cytokines such as TNF and IL-1

Question 5

Difference between exudate and transudate

Answer 5

exudate- extracellular fluid with high protein concentration and cellular debris (Fluid AND protein leakage from vessels)

transudate- low proteins concentration and cellular debris, fluid leakage due to decrease colloid osmotic pressure (decreased protein loss, kidney disease)

Question 6

Histamine

Answer 6

• cell derived
• dilates arterioles and - increases vessel permeability
• primarily found in mast cell granules
• Release from mast cell can be caused by physical injury, binding of antibodies to mast cells, or exposure to complement

Question 7

Arachidonic Acid

Answer 7

• metabolizes into prostaglandins

- pro-inflammation due to vascular reaction and systemic reactions of inflammation (fever)

Question 8

Cytokines

Answer 8

TNF and IL-1 recruit leukocyte recruitment by promoting adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium and their migration through vessels.