Week 6: Forest Management and Biodiversity

Question 1

3 Functions of the forest

Answer 1

Ecological => conservation of biological diversity, protection of groundwater and local climate, reduction CO2 emission
Economic => wood and non-wood products, employment, flood and erosion control, range lands
Social => tourism, leisure, landscape

Question 2

factors that grow against forest

Answer 2

• pop growth
• urbanization
• con growth

Question 3

SO2, NOx from…

Answer 3

• industrial emission
• cars and airplanes

Question 4

commercial logging uses…

Answer 4

vast amount of pesticides and fertilizers

Question 5

Deforestation

Answer 5

excessive logging and urbanization

Question 6

CC negative

Answer 6

• droughts
• salinization
• increasing spring and fall frost risk
• insect and pathogen damage
• acid rain
• wildfire

Question 7

CC positive

Answer 7

• more precipitation
• rising temp => increase forest growth and growing crops
• shipping commerce benefit from opening northwest passage thanks to loss of arctiv sea ice

Question 8

what does forest provide

Answer 8

• 1bn people depend on forest for wood timber, fuel, johs, shelter
• 50% of food we eat comes from trees
• 75% of freshwater comes from watershed areas
• 25% are managed for protection of soil and water

Question 9

UN forum on forest goals 2017-2030

Answer 9

1) reverse loss of forest through sustainable forest man
2) enhance forest based economic social env benefits
3) increase area of protected forests
4) mobilize incremental, new and additional fin resources
5) promote gov frameworks
6) enhance cooperation at all levels

Question 10

monoculture

Answer 10

raising single species stand of trees

Question 11

tree farms area

Answer 11

2-3% of world forest

Question 12

monoculture pros

Answer 12

• efficient production
• increase production to meet demand
• reduce pressure to large areas

Question 13

monoculture cons

Answer 13

• fertilizers and persticides
• no consideration execpt wood production
• bad for flood control
• wildlife habitats
• scenic values

Question 14

Policies in forest management

Answer 14

• reforestation
• control forest pests
• fire management
• community involvement in management

Question 15

toward sustainable timber production

Answer 15

• over 4 million m3 of wood in 2022 => increase by 37% by 2050
• pop growth, deforestation, slow restauration => in 2020 2.3 billion people rely on wood fuel as primary source of energy => growth rate will go down after 2050, until then main energy source in emerging industries

Question 16

sierra club 1882

Answer 16

a voice of crying in the wildness

Question 17

Biodiversity

Answer 17

• diversity of diff species together with genetic variationn with each species in a given area
• useful for food, medicine, philosophical, aesthetic

Question 18

Damages Forest biodiversity

Answer 18

• fewer crop varieties (GM food)
• clearance for timber, ranching or cropping, fisheries overexploitation, wildlife trapping
• mineral exploitation, dams, pollution, tourism
• wetlands drained for irrigation, malaria control, property

Question 19

Tropical rainforest

Answer 19

less than 10% of the earth
habitat for 50-90% of plants and animals
converted to roads, ranches, farms, cities, factories
already cut 50%
200,000 ha per year lost
if continues, all gone in 40 years

Question 20

Life support system - tropical rainforest

Answer 20

1) regulate composition of atmosphere and help offset the effect of CC by taking CO2 and releasing O2
2) maintain soil health through rapid leaf fall ad decomposition
3) help provide water

Question 21

goods from forest

Answer 21

• food
• cash crops
• medicines against malaria, …
• timber, e.g. oil plantations

Question 22

Deforestation

Answer 22

• slash-and-burn agriculture
• use for few year, abandon 3-5 years, resting period 10-20 years but gets faster
• cattle ranching (more meat consumption, fuel wood, industrial logging)

Question 23

effects deforestation

Answer 23

• cc =>radiaton of heat, more CO2
• loss of gene pools and extinction of species
• floods => human and econ losses

Question 24

Policies for tropical forests

Answer 24

• local people involvement in planning and implementing
• agro-forestry => growing trees among crops on particular lands to reduce soil erosion and sequester carbon
• indigenous knowledge

Question 25

Green belts: purpose

Answer 25

• protect env
• air quality improvement
• human access to countryside

Question 26

Green belts UK: critique

Answer 26

• preserved advantage of landlords
  increase urban spiral => commuting, cars

Question 27

Green tourism

Answer 27

reduction of env impacts and use some profits for env management

Question 28

ecotourism

Answer 28

local people act as guides and staff for accommodation and other services => educate tourists