Week 3: Sustainable development

Question 1

1972

Answer 1

Conference on the human env. in stockholm
=> first global conf. on env.
=> only one earth
=> 3 mega trends (large-scale indus. pollution, growing threat of nuclear radiation, mass destruction of entire ecosystems)

Question 2

1987

Answer 2

Our common future
=> prep. by world commission on env. + dev.
=> linkage poverty + pollution
=> definition of SD

Question 3

Sustainable Development

Answer 3

Development that meets the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs

Question 4

1992

Answer 4

UN Conventions of Env.+Dev.
=> 5 Themes
=> 5 Radical Agendas

Question 5

5 Themes

Answer 5

1.Role of national government
2. People/ local communities/ NGOs
3. The needs & rights of the poor and disadvantaged
4. Open government
5. International cooperation

Question 6

5 Themes: Role of national government

Answer 6

Capacity building

Question 7

5 Themes: People/ local communities/ NGOs

Answer 7

shift from top-down to bottom-up approach

Question 8

5 Themes: The needs & rights of the poor and disadvantaged

Answer 8

Connection btw poverty and pollution

Question 9

5 Themes: Open government

Answer 9

Accountable & Participatory democracy

Question 10

5 Themes: International cooperation

Answer 10

collab. btw. developing and dev. countries

Question 11

5 radical agendas

Answer 11

1) Climate Convention
2) Biodiversity
3) Forest Principles
4) Rio Declaration
5) Agenda 21

Question 12

5 radical agendas: Climate convention

Answer 12

CO2 emissions and global warming

Question 13

5 radical agendas: Biodiversity

Answer 13

Focus on complex ecosystem

Question 14

5 radical agendas: Forest principles

Answer 14

Tropical rainforest to avoid the costs of CO2 emission reduction

Question 15

5 radical agendas: Rio Declaration

Answer 15

27 Principles

Question 16

5 radical agendas: Agenda 21

Answer 16

Action plan for each member country

Question 17

Agenda 21 - Each country should promote:

Answer 17

• social and encon. development
• conservation and management of resources for development
• strengthen role of major groups involved in achieving SD

Question 18

Agenda 21 - Means of implementation

Answer 18

• fin. resources and mechanisms
• env. friendly technology transfer
• capacity building, science, into. institutional arrangements

Question 19

Local Agenda 21: South Korea - current status

Answer 19

• establishment of green city Busan 21 in 1995
• guidelines for making local A21 1997
• 2007, 218/ 246 local gov. made A21

Question 20

Local Agenda 21: South Korea - Accomplishments

Answer 20

• MOEs regulations for setting up, operating and supporting local A21 Promotion Organization (june 2004)
• MOE distributed educational and publicizing materials regarding local A21 to local gov, local officials training center
  devised Institutionalization roadmap and promoted model projects

Question 21

Critiques Agenda 21

Answer 21

• Ambiguity
• financial weakness (esp. of developing c)
• No mention of debts, armstrade, war, nuclear threats
• no discussion on how north achieve SD => northern bias, imposing rules to env. friendly ones to developing countries
• no legally binding agreement
• gap btw developing and dev. countries over understanding of SD and how to implement

Question 22

Achievements Agenda 21

Answer 22

• Institutionalization of env. concerns (issues embedded in plans, policies, projects)
• linkage env. + econ.
• env. costs and pricing recognized
• shift from top down to bottom up => emphasis public participation
• reappraisal of poor farmers - participatory approach and indigenous knowledge
• from ignorance to rcognition

Question 23

MDGs

Answer 23

• 8 mdgs - target 2015
  => halve extreme poverty to halting spread of HIV
• blueprint agreed to by all countries and leading development institutions
• progress chart

Question 24

MDG Achievements

Answer 24

• first global framework anchored in partnership btw. developing and dev. countries
• Africa: poverty reduction and econ growth
• Best result: public health, child mortality rate in Senegal, Rwanda and China HIV treatment campaign

Question 25

MDG Challenges

Answer 25

• Targets: manipulation and misinterpretation of statistics
• suffocating a range of other dev. agendas untouched
• focus on developing countries
• inequality, socioeconomic exclusion => poor indicator
• Relationship between North and South
• lack of democracy issues in poor countries
• lack of ambition

Question 26

SD Implications

Answer 26

• inclusive growth
• SD
• Peace and security
• for dev + dev countries

Question 27

SDG goals

Answer 27

economic growth
social development
environment

Question 28

Ecological footprint

Answer 28

• enabling us to estimate resource consumption and waste of a defined human pop or economy in terms of a corresponding productive land area
• land-based measure of SD
• footprint in relation to land area excl. unproductive land
• proportional to both population and per capita material consumption

Question 29

Footprint application: eco deficit

Answer 29

ecological deficit/ positive footprint => natural capital depleted or imposing footprint on other countries via imports (North America 3 times share of worlds average)