Week 6: Emotion

Question 1

Monogamy

Answer 1

Associated with differences in oxytocin binding

Question 2

Methods in affective neuroscience

Answer 2

Neuroimaging, brain stimulation, electrophysiology, lesion studies, behavioural experiments

Question 3

Neuroimaging

Answer 3

PET, fMRI

Question 4

PET

Answer 4

Analyzing decay of radioactive tracer isotope

Question 5

fMRI

Answer 5

Analyzing hemodynamic responses

Question 6

Brain stimulation

Answer 6

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation

Question 7

Electrophysiology

Answer 7

EEG, MEG, single unit recordings of a neuron, microstimulation

Question 8

Darwin and emotion

Answer 8

Compares sketches/photos of emotions in animals and humans, they are homogenous, a set of basic emotions are present throughout species

Question 9

Ekman

Answer 9

6 basic emotions that are universally recognizable: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise

Question 10

Basic emotion theory

Answer 10

Proposed a limited set of basic emotions that are universal, biologically inherited and have unique physiological and neural profiles that distinguish them from one another (not true!)

Question 11

Why is basic emotion theory not correct?

Answer 11

Fundamental processes of emotion are shared across brain regions, brain does not have one distinct system for each emotion

Question 12

Dual systems account

Answer 12

Withdrawal system, approach system

Question 13

Withdrawal system

Answer 13

Causes you to avoid aversive stimuli, fear, disgust, amygdala, anterior insula

Question 14

Approach system

Answer 14

Causes you to approach desirable goals, happiness, enthusiasm, pride, reward system

Question 15

Example that amygdala is a central structure in the withdrawal system

Answer 15

Kluver-bucy syndrome, patient SM

Question 16

Kluver-bucy syndrome

Answer 16

Monkeys when bilateral amygdala is removed, loss of emotional reactivity, hypersexuality, hyperorality, disturbed social behaviour, failing in social standing

Question 17

Patient SM

Answer 17

Bilateral amygdala damage, impairment of recognition of fearful facial expressions, impaired fear processing, recognition of other basic emotions not impaired

Question 18

Amygdala in healthy humans

Answer 18

Responds to viewing fearful faces

Question 19

Amygdala and fear conditioning

Answer 19

Freezing behaviour does not occur in animals with amygdala damage, also visual fear conditioning

Question 20

Is the amygdala only relevant for fear?

Answer 20

No! Also active for experience and perception of other emotions (experience of disgust, perception of anger)

Question 21

Evidence that cognitive and affective neuroscience overlap?

Answer 21

Encoding of memory is enhanced during emotional experience, emotional stimuli draw attention

Question 22

Rewards

Answer 22

Outcomes of desires and goals

Question 23

Reward system

Answer 23

Consist of prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbent, ventral tegmental area, activity coheres with the value of an item during decision-making

Question 24

Reward system, nucleus accumbens

Answer 24

Activation increases with the anticipation of monetary rewards

Question 25

Reward system, VTA

Answer 25

Dopaminergic neurons fire for prediction errors regarding reward

Question 26

Reward system, ventral striatum

Answer 26

Predicts how bad something is going to be, provides a relative coding for expected outcomes

Question 27

Orbitofrontal cortex / vMPFC

Answer 27

Reward, experience and perception of disgust, experience of fear, perception of anger

Question 28

Reward (brain)

Answer 28

Processed in the orbitofrontal cortex,

Question 29

Evidence that reward is processes in the orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 29

increase in activation in response to food during hunger, for watching attractive faces, aesthetic value of art,

Question 30

Psychological constructivism

Answer 30

Emotions are psychological events that emerge out of more basic psychological operations that are not specific to emotions, basic emotions are categories that are formed by basic processes of the brain

Question 31

Emotion regulation (ER)

Answer 31

Relies on the interaction between emotions and cognition, refers to the implementation of a conscious or non-conscious goal to start, stop of otherwise modulate the trajectory of an emotion

Question 32

Types of emotion regulation

Answer 32

Antecedent-focused, response focused

Question 33

Antecedent-focused emotion regulation

Answer 33

Situation selection (avoiding negative events), situation modification (modifying situations to receive a different outcome), attention deployment (use distraction), cognitive change or reappraisal (think differently)

Question 34

Response focused emotion regulation

Answer 34

Response modulation/suppression (stop crying)

Question 35

Brain regions active during emotion regulation

Answer 35

VMPFC, VLPFC, DLPFC, amygdala

Question 36

Why are cognitive control regions important during emotion regulation?

Answer 36

To keep our behaviour on track towards accomplishing certain goals

Question 37

Limitations of fMRI

Answer 37

The BOLD signal does not have a meaningful zero point, all measured BOLD signals are relative, interpretability largely depends on experimental design, reversed inference