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Brain Organisation & Cognition for Behavioural Scientists > Week 5: Memory > Flashcards

Week 5: Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Historical context of memory

A

Dialexeis, Plato, Aristotle, Fechner, Ebbinghaus, Bartlett, James

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2
Q

Dialexeis

A

Improving memory, attention on rehearsing, method of loci to remember speeches (memory palace)

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3
Q

Plato

A

Memory is like wax, bridge between the perceptual world and world of abstractions

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4
Q

Aristotle

A

Memories are primarily composed of associations between various experiences

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5
Q

Fechner

A

Body and mind are same unity, find quantifiable relation between a stimulus and a mental sensation

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6
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

Measurement error, distribution of observations around mean, necessity to compare two conditions in light of that error, his own subject, forgetting curve

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7
Q

Bartlett

A

Remembering is constructing, aided by schemas, memories are not static

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8
Q

James

A

Study memory through its retrieval

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9
Q

Modalities of memory

A

Declarative, implicit

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10
Q

Declarative memory

A

Episodic, semantic, autobiographic

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11
Q

Implicit memory

A

Perceptual, procedural, associative (conditioning), non-associative

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12
Q

Episodic memory

A

Ability to learn, store and retrieve information about unique personal experiences that occur in daily life

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13
Q

Semantic memory

A

Knowledge about facts devoid to the circumstances of their acquisition

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14
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

Both episodic and semantic

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15
Q

Declarative theory (examples)

A

Patient CW, semantic dementia

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16
Q

Declarative theory

A

Older memories become consolidates to neocortical areas outside of the medial temporal lobe

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17
Q

Patient CW

A

Hippocampal damage, loss of ability to consolidate and remember memories, semantic memory is spared

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18
Q

Semantic dementia

A

Knowledge of words and facts is dramatically impaired, recent events are retrieved accurately

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19
Q

Episodic research (Tulving)

A

Episodic memory is hypothetical and cannot be measured by a single test

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20
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Episodic memory for emotional events, exceptionally vivid, clear and detailed recollection people seem to have for single, emotional events they have experiences (9/11), memories are manipulated by arousal and valence dimensions

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21
Q

Common tests for episodic (emotional) memories

A

Cued retrieval, recognition task, associative memory task, subjective quality task

22
Q

Cued retrieval

A

Determine the proportion correct of encoded words

23
Q

Recognition task

A

Old and new words, correct recognition rates are higher for emotional words

24
Q

Associative memory task

A

Word pairs

25
Q

Subjective quality task

A

Remember/know, recollection, familiarity

26
Q

Recollection

A

Detailed vivid feeling of re-experiencing (enhanced by emotion)

27
Q

Familiarity

A

Butcher on the bus, sense that item has been previously encountered

28
Q

Emotional memories are less reliable

A

Dissonance theory, reconsolidation theory

29
Q

Dissonance theory

A

We recall the past in ways that optimize our current sense of self

30
Q

Reconsolidation theory

A

We update memories with current information to keep them relevant, as a consequence of memory reactivation and retrieval changes of memory can occur over time

31
Q

Hippocampus in memory

A

Patient HM and CW

32
Q

Patient HM

A

Lesions in hippocampus, no episodic memory, conditioned response present

33
Q

Patient CW

A

Lesions in hippocampus, no episodic memory, conditioned response present

34
Q

Amygdala in memory

A

Patient SM

35
Q

Patient SM

A

Calcification of the amygdala, urbach-wiethe syndrome, no enhanced memory for emotional items, no conditioned responses, episodic memories present

36
Q

How does the amygdala enhance emotional responses?

A

Adrenaline during arousal –> locus coeruleus to release norepinephrine –> acts on adrenergic receptors of amygdala –> adrenergic receptor antagonists like beta-blockers (basolateral amygdala) –> block the memory-enhancing effects of adrenaline

37
Q

Amygdala has strong connections to

A

PFC, MTL, sensory neocortex, striatum, HPA-axis, cerebellum

38
Q

PFC

A

Influencing working memory, semantic memory, priming, extinction learning

39
Q

MTL

A

Influencing declarative memory, memory consolidation

40
Q

Sensory neocortex

A

Memory storing, conceptual priming, perceptual priming

41
Q

Striatum

A

Habit learning, reward learning

42
Q

HPA-axis

A

Hormonal memory regulation

43
Q

Cerebellum

A

Reflexive conditioning, motor learning

44
Q

MTL memory system

A

Hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex

45
Q

Pattern separation (within hippocampus)

A

A process by which similar experiences or events are transformed into discrete, non-overlapping representations (hippocampal neurogenesis in dentate gyrus)

46
Q

Pattern completion

A

During retrieval pattern completion can be achieved instead of new encoding

47
Q

Spatial navigation (in the hippocampus)

A

Volume of the hippocampus is associated with increased navigational skills in taxi drivers

48
Q

Context dependent memory

A

In PTSD contextualization of memories is disturbed which causes vivid flashbacks and intrusions

49
Q

Areas active for retrieval of memory within or out of context

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, IFG

50
Q

Enhanced memory contextualization

A

Stronger coupling between IFG and amugdala and IFG and PPA

Brain Organisation & Cognition for Behavioural Scientists (6 decks)

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