Week 6: Diversity & Differences

Question 1

What is diversity?

Answer 1

Wide range of variations and categories between people, e.g. race, ethnicity, gender, age, sexuality, occupation, religion, language, etc.

Question 2

What is culture?

Answer 2

Customs, values, beliefs, knowledge, art, and language of a society or community that inform values, and everyday behaviors and practices (norms).

Question 3

What are the two types of diversity ideologies?

Answer 3

1. Beliefs about how to approach group differences (Personal endorsements)
2. Practices that are institutionalized (laws, policies, mission statements of organizations)

Question 4

What are the three diversity ideology terms?

Answer 4

1. Assimilation
2. Color blindness
3. Multiculturalism

Question 5

What is Assimilation and it’s two main principles?

Answer 5

The reduction or elimination of diversity to one group through:
- recategorizing
- common ingroup identity

Question 6

What is color-blindness and it’s main principle?

Answer 6

To ignore diversity to one group by decategorizing everyone.

Question 7

What is multiculturalism and it’s two main principles?

Answer 7

To maintain and promote diversity through accepting and acknowledging the unique differences of multiple groups:
- Salient categorization
- Dual identity model

Question 8

What are the three underlying assumptions of Assimilation?

Answer 8

• Common ingroup identity: melting away subgroup identities by focusing on an overarching identity
• Overcoming lower levels of racial identification lead to stronger nations
• Cultural differences create potential ingroup hostility.

Question 9

What is melting pot asimilation?

Answer 9

Assimilation will occur naturally through extensive intergroup contact, fusing into a general identity.

Question 10

What is minority group assimilation?

Answer 10

Assumption that minorities should assimilate into the dominant culture, encouraged by training or schooling minorities.

Question 11

What are the four main issues with assimilation?

Answer 11

• Inhumane and unrealistic
• Assumes superiority of groups
• Extinguishes culture
• Causes psychological pain

Question 12

What are the three underlying assumptions of color-blindness?

Answer 12

• Manages diversity through ignoring group differences
• Motivated by a need for equality
• Endorsed more by high power majority groups

Question 13

What are the three main issues with color-blindness?

Answer 13

• Ignoring diversity also ignores discrimination
• Children become worse at detecting discrimination
• Used by people to enforce inequal treatment

Question 14

What are the - underlying assumptions of multiculturalism?

Answer 14

• Cultural identity is fundamental to self-concept
  -Tolerance must include security for our identity
• Differences are not inconsistent with unity

Question 15

What is the dual identity model?

Answer 15

The existence of a subordinate identity within a subgroup identity, e.g., Australian → white Australian

Question 16

What are the two limitation of multiculturalism?

Answer 16

• It can be viewed as exclusionary by members of the dominant group
• Can support the idea but not real world policies or action

Question 17

What are the two ways organization’s frame diversity?

Answer 17

• Instrumental: benefit of diversity for an organizations performance/image
• Moral: Has an intrinsic value that promotes equality and justice

Question 18

What did Georgeac and Rattan find in 2022 regarding diversity frames in organizations and minority groups?

Answer 18

Organizations were more likely to use instrumental diversity frames, but this makes minority groups less likely to identify with them.

Question 19

What did Stark, Sinclair, and Shelton find in 2021 regarding universities diversity framing and black students?

Answer 19

That a majority of universities used instrumental framing, but of these universities parents and administration expected black students to do worse then other students in attendance; while white Americans preferred the instrumental diversity rationales.

Question 20

What did Hofstede’s 1980 survey from the same company across multiple countries find about cross-cultural values?

Question 21

What are the - cross cultural values?

Answer 21

1. Power Distance
2. Uncertainty Avoidance
3. Masculinity-Femininity
4. Individualism-Collectivism

Question 22

What is Power Distance in regards to cross-cultural values?

Answer 22

The degree to which unequal power in institutions is accepted, or egalitarianism is endorsed.

Question 23

What is Uncertainty Avoidance in regards to cross-cultural values?

Answer 23

The planning for stability in dealing with the uncertainties of life, such as sticking closely to the rules.

Question 24

What is Masculinity-Femininity in regards to cross-cultural values?

Answer 24

Valuing traditionally masculine (e.g., achievement, ambition) or feminine traits (e.g., harmony, caring).

Question 25

What is Individualistic-Collectivism in regards to cross-cultural values?

Answer 25

How much your identity is determined by personal choices or the collective.

Question 26

What is the most collectivist country in the world and the most individualistic?

Answer 26

Portugal and the UK/US/AUS

Question 27

What did Earley find in 1993 regarding managers effort put into work when alone or in a group between China and the US?

Answer 27

The US would put less work in on group task (social loafing) and more work in on individual task, and vice versa for China putting more work into group tasks (social compensation) then individually.

Question 28

What did Nadler find in 1986 regarding Israeli participants ability to seek help between rural and city community raised participants?

Answer 28

Rural participants asked for help more during the group task rather then the individual task (because it was more important to them), and vice versa for city participants.

Question 29

What did Kim and Markus find in 1999 their examination of individualistic/collectivist data in advertising using conformity or uniqueness between the US and Korea?

Answer 29

A majority of advertisements used conformity over uniqueness in Korea, and vice versa for the US.

Question 30

What is the cult of individualism?

Answer 30

The idea that individualistic values have been on the rise since the 1970’s.

Question 31

What did Santanos, Varnum, and Grossman find in 2017 regarding the trend of individualistic values from 1970’s-2010?

Answer 31

There has been an upwards trend of individualistic practices and values over the decades, and we aren’t sure why.

Question 32

What is Acculturation?

Answer 32

The process of psychological adjustment that occurs when different cultural groups come into contact; usually focuses on immigrants and refuges into a host culture, and changes with the individual over time.

Question 33

What are the two questions that are used to discern the Acculturation Matrix?

Answer 33

1. Is it considered valuable to maintain one’s cultural heritage?
2. Is it considered valuable to develop
   relationships with the host society?

Question 34

What is the Acculturation Matrix’s 4 main ideas and answers to the main questions?

Answer 34

-Assimilation: Revoking culture and adopting host culture
-Integration: Maintain both host and home culture, preferred by immigrants
-Marginalization: Retreat from all culture identification, being alone, associated with the worst outcomes
-Separation: Preserve culture and separate from the host