Week 6 CV disorders

Question 1

What are the two types of stroke?

Answer 1

Ischemic - blood supply blocked

Hemorrhagic - leak onto brain, ventricles e.t.c.

Question 2

How does a stroke cause damage?

Answer 2

Deprivation of glucose and oxygen to parts of the brain - they can’t survive long like this! Once deprived, parts of the brain undergo necrosis, or infarction

Question 3

Describe some cerebral abnormalities

Answer 3

Embolism - blood clot, fat globule, blocks arteries
Transient Ischemic Attacks
AVM
Trauma to carotid
aneurysm

Question 4

What is CV disease?

Answer 4

any abnormality of the brain due to trouble with blood vessels - lesion of vessel wall, occlusion of lumen, rupture of vessel, increased viscosity,

Question 5

Risk factors for CV?

Answer 5

Age, gender, family risk

TIA, irregular pulse, diabetes

Hyper tension, high BP, high cholesterol, obesity, smoking, diet/exercise, alcohol

Question 6

Cerebral thrombosis?

Answer 6

build up of fat deposits within artery wall

Question 7

Embolism?

Answer 7

a plug of thrombic material or fatty deposit broken off from BV wall - fragments of lesions developed outside the intra cranial circulation.

Question 8

TIA

Answer 8

last for a few minutes fo several hours, when they precede a stroke indicates thrombotic, temporary interruption of blood supply to brain

Question 9

What are some causes of intracranial haemorrhage

Answer 9

hypertensive intracerebral haemorrhage, rupture, trauma,

Question 10

Primary intracerebral haemorrhage?

Answer 10

Associated with hypertension, occurs within brain tissue, brain tissue is displaced and compressed

Question 11

Aneurysms?

Answer 11

Blisters protruding from arteries in circle of willis or its major branches - can be due to developmental defects in materials of branches, when rupture blood under high pressure is forced into subarachnoid space - massive headache, possible unconsciousness,

Question 12

Where do visual fields switch over? i.e where will as lesion affect the opposite side field of vision?

Answer 12

After the optic chiasm - LGN and visual field damage with result in hemiplegia to the opposite visual field, while optic nerve damage will effect the same side visual field.

Question 13

What are some signs of a disruption to the middle cerebral artery?

Answer 13

paralysis and sensory impairment of contralateral face, arm and leg, homonymous hemianopia (left visual field defect), speech (if left), aphasia (if left), neglect (if right), apraxia

Question 14

What are some signs of dominant MCA disruption?

Answer 14

Aphasia (word deafness, anomia, jargon, Broca’s (speech), Wiernickies (comprehension)

Gerstmann syndrome: right-left confusion, agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia

Question 15

What are some signs of non-dominant MCA disruption?

Answer 15

unilateral neglect (failure to report, respond or orient to meaningful stimuli on opposite side of lesion), anosognosia (lack of insight), dressing apraxia, constructional apraxia

Question 16

What are some signs of a disruption to the anterior cerebral artery?

Answer 16

Paralysis of opposite leg and foot, sensory loss of toes, foot and legs, urinary incontinence, contralateral grasp reflex, mutism, slowness, lack of spontaneity, gait impairment, mental impairment (perseveration and amnesia)

Question 17

What are some signs of a disruption to the posterior cerebral artery?

Answer 17

Severe sensory disturbance, homonymous hemianopia (visual field), cortical blindness, denial of blindness

Question 18

What are some long term sequelae of stroke?

Answer 18

cog deficits (variable), language defs, visuospatial, physical (hemiplegia), emotional

Question 19

Where is depression a greater risk of following stroke?

Answer 19

left frontal or right hemi