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COUNSELING THEORIES > Week 6 - ACT > Flashcards

Week 6 - ACT Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key concepts of ACT?

A

-Relational frame theory
-Human suffering is caused by the Nature Language
-Psychological inflexibility
-Psychological flexibility

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2
Q

What are the therapeutic techniques used in ACT?

A

-Compassion, acceptance, respect, and empathy
-Promoting a collaborative and egalitarian relationship
-Taking a history
-Obtaining informed consent and goal setting
-Psychoeducation
-Using analogies, metaphors, stories, paradoxes, and mindfulness
-Exercises highlighting the six core processes of the hexaflex mdoel

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3
Q

What are the 8 steps of the ACT counseling process?

A

-Building the working alliance
-Developing a collaborative and egalitarian relationship
-Taking a history
-Obtaining informed consent and setting broad goals
-Psychoeducation regarding psychological flexibility
-Implementing exercises to develop psychological flexibility
-Clarifying values and embracing a values-focused life
-Living a value-focused life

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4
Q

ACT is considered a BLANK cognitive-behavioral therapy?

A

Third-wave that rejects the mechanistic approach of first-wave behaviorism and second-wave cognitive behavioral appraoches.

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5
Q

Whereas first and second wave approaches assume the client has adopted maladaptive behaviors and/or thoughts that need to be replaced, third-wave approaches do what?

A

Suggest that thoughts, feelings, and memories are not inherently problematic and that context defines how they are experienced.

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6
Q

Hayes began to develop Relational Frame Theory (RFT) which did what?

A

Took a behavioral and contextual approach to understanding language and cognition and the place that relational frames have in preventing people from developing what he called psychological flexibility and symptom relief.

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7
Q

RFT suggests that private events, sometimes called psychological events (the unique things people do, think or feel) are developed through what?

A

Derived stimulus relationships. As increasing numbers of stimuli become associated with each other, through a process called combinatorial entailment, RFT hypothesizes that individuals create unique webs of relational frames from which they experience the world.

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8
Q

Unique relational frames are the basis for each person’s what?

A

Private language, which includes how one thinks, daydreams, and visualizes (collectively called cognition), as well as one’ spublic langauge, which includes speaking, talking, writing miming, and so forth.

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9
Q

Psychological inflexibility is described as what six processes?

A

-Cognitive fusion
-Experiential avoidance
-Being stuck in the past or the future
-Attachment to a conceptualized self
-Lack of clarity of values
-Unworkable action

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10
Q

What is one of the main purposes of ACT?

A

Develop psychological flexibility, as symbolized by the hexaflex model.

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11
Q

What is included in the hexaflex model?

A

-Defusion (watch what you’re thinking)
-Acceptance (open up)
-Contact with the present moment (be here now)
-Self-as-context (pure awareness)
-Values (know what matters)
-Committed action (do what it takes)

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12
Q

What does psychological flexibility help individuals learn?

A

How to accept and be present with their painful thoughts, feelings, and memories; choose a valued direction in life and take action, so they can live a more meaningful and less symptomatic life.

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13
Q

True or False: ACT allows clients to freely choose their own values.

A

True

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14
Q

How was the first wave of cognitive behavioral therapy categorized?

A

As pure behavioral therapy, characterized by a rejection of the unobservable constructs of psychoanalytic theory and a focus on applying evidence-based behavioral principles to correct problematic behaviors and emotions.

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15
Q

How would you categorize the second wave of cognitive behavioral therapies?

A

Aaron Beck, Albert Ellis, and others focused on how cognitions mediated behaviors, feelings, and physiological responses

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16
Q

What is included in the third-wave of cognitive behavioral therapies?

A

DBT, functional analytic psychotherapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, integrative behavioral couples therapy, and ACT.

They challenged second-wave practices of directly changing the content of thoughts and beliefs. Attention to simply changing out behaviors, or cognitions, did not adequately address mechanisms of change.

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17
Q

Rather than attemping to only focus on behaviors and/or cognitions, most third-wave therapies also attempt to do what?

A

Change the context

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18
Q

True or False: ACT focuses more on the context of an individual’s thoughts and emotions than the content.

A

True

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19
Q

Whereas first and second wave approaches assumed that maladaptive behaviors or cognitions need to be replaced, third-wave approaches suggest what?

A

That no thought, feeling or memory is inherently problematic, dysfunctional, or pathological: rather, it all depends on the context.

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20
Q

ACT is a type of BLANK theory because it examines the current and past biological, social, physical, and cultural context (or environment) in which private events are formed.

A

Functional contextual theory

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21
Q

Rather than replacing behaviors or cognitions, ACT teaches people to accept what?

A

Psychological events and slowly changing one’s context can, over time, make adjustments to how one lives int the world and is the key to finding a more meaningfullife.

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22
Q

ACT is informed by BLANK, which is a behavioral description of how human language and cognition is developed and how individuals create webs of relational frames that mediate the things they do, think, and feel (their private events)>

A

RFT

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23
Q

By helping clients build BLANK, which includes using mindfulness, acceptance, and what is called cognitive defusion (not being rigidly attached to our thoughts), individuals can change the context of their negative thoughts, feelings, and memories and lessen their impact.

A

Psychological flexibility.

This contrasts greatly with theories that view thoughts, feelings, memories, and related behaviors as part of a “faulty machine” that needs to have parts replaced.

24
Q

What do functional contextualists do?

A

Change the context of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors so their function (e.g. being painful) no longer holds the same power. In ACT, the development of psychological flexibility can assist with changing the context.

25
Q

What is Relational Frame Theory?

A

It explains how what we do, think, and feel (our private events) and the language we use is related to the manner in which stimuli were reinforced and subsequently associated with one another into a matrix of relational frames which are unique to each person.

Example: getting scratched by a cat, a cat is a warm, fuzzy animal, rabbits are warm fuzzy animals, phobia is created about being scratched by animals.

26
Q

What are relational frames?

A

Ways that we come to see and act in the world

27
Q

What is it called when two or more stimuli become related to one another?

A

A combinatorial entrailment (they combine)

Because it is a web of relationships, it is complicated, involved, and not easy to change. You cannot take it apart, but you can accept it as it is and create new webs of relationships that can change how the original web functioned.

28
Q

ACT assumes that humans suffer as a result of the complexity of the relational frames they have developed and the associated language that is used, which can include BLANK and BLANK?

A

Private or public language

Private = thinking, imagining, daydreaming, planning, visualizing, etc.

Public = speaking, talking, writing, dancing, etc.

29
Q

Private language can result in painful what?

A

Private experiences (emotions, memories, thoughts, sensations, and other internal experiences) and the making of poor choices.

30
Q

What is cognitive fusion?

A

When one becomes caught up in thoughts that cause serious distress, yet one continually thinks about such thoughts despite the fact that ruminating causes more distress.

Often such thoughts: seem like absolute truth, like they have to be followed, dominate one’s understanding of self, like they have to be eliminated right away, are about the past or future and cause constant worry or seem impossible to let go of even though they negatively impact one’s life.

31
Q

Experiential avoidance is often fueled by what?

A

Cognitive fusion because if one is fused or experiencing difficult thoughts they drastically want to try and avoid them.

32
Q

What happens with a lack of clarity of values?

A

One’s cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, being stuck in the past or future, or a rigid conceptualized self prevents a person from having clarity about one’s values and from acting in a manner that embraces such values.

33
Q

What is unworkable action?

A

Feelings, thoughts, and behaviors that are antithetical to purposeful, intentional, and mindful actions that prevent one from moving toward chosen values.

Include actions that are impulsive, reactive, and tuomatic, not thought through.

34
Q

What is the goal of ACT?

A

To create a rich and meaningful life while accepting the pain that inevitably goes with it.

35
Q

What is psychological flexibility?

A

Refers to the ability of an individual to live in the present moment, accept one’s current state of being, and act in accordance with their chosen values.

36
Q

Visually, the six elements of psychological flexibility can be viewed through what?

A

The hexaflex model.

The lines connect various processes, indicating how they are interrelated, or impact one another and together develop psychological flexibility.

37
Q

What is cognitive defusion?

A

Letting go of one’s thoughts and understanding that one is not dictated by one’s thoughts.

38
Q

A defused state is one in which a thought…?

A

-May or may not be true
-Is definitely not a command you have to obey or a rule you have to follow
-Is definitely not a threat to you
-Is not something happening in the physical world; it is merely words or pictures inside your head
-May or may not be important—you have a choice as to how much attention you pay to it
-Can be allowed to come and go of its own accord without any need for you to hold on to or push it away

39
Q

What is shown in the hexaflex model?

A

Psychological flexibility is at the center

The rest form a circle around it with connected lines:

-Contact with the present moment
-Values
-Committed action
-Acceptance
-Defusin
-Self as context

40
Q

What is acceptance?

A

Allowing oneself to experience (open up to) difficult private experiences so the individual can make powerful choices that are more congruent with one’s values.

41
Q

What is self-as-content?

A

View their self in relationship to the content that describes them (pretty, ugly, a worrier, etc.)

42
Q

What is self-as-context?

A

Ability to detach from these narratives and the content of thoughts, our feelings, and our experiences associated with them.

Meta-awareness of self, in which one defuses or separates self from one’s content.

43
Q

ACT counselors suggest it is important to distinguish between a BLANK-focused life and a BLANK-focused life.

A

Goal vs value, with the former being focused on attainment of the goal and the latter being focused on the process, or journey, taken in living one’s values.

The individual gains a sense of fulfillment even when goals are not achieved. Goals can result in disappointments, feelings of being a failure, etc. but values focus on the journey and reaching a specific goal is icing on the cake.

44
Q

Committed action requires what?

A

Taking effective action, guided by our values in situations which elicit both positive and negative emotional experiences.

45
Q

What is the long-term purpose of committed action?

A

For the client to determine and work towards goals that are helpful in maintaining harmony with stated values.

46
Q

What are the steps of committed action?

A

-Choose a domain of life that is a high priority for change
-Choose the values to pursue in this domain
-Develop goals, guided by those values
-Take action mindfully

47
Q

In ACT, the counselor does what?

A

Brings themself into the relationship having compassion for the client’s predicament, being accepting of where the client currently is, showing respect for the client, and developing an empathic relationship which demonstrates to the client they are being heard.

48
Q

True or false: the ACT counselor is collaborative, develops an egalitarian relationships, and shares tools they have used to develop increased psychological flexibility.

A

True

49
Q

What do ACT counselors tend to assess when taking history?

A

-Presenting complaint
-Initial values assessment
-Life context/history
-Psychological inflexibility
-Motivational factors
-Psychological flexibility and client strengths

50
Q

What are goals of ACT?

A

Focus on managing, not changing difficult feelings and thoughts; focus on emphasizing new behaviors that can help a person move toward important values in their life.

51
Q

What is the paradox of ACT?

A

One should attempt to accept difficult private experiences, rather than avoid them.

Because of this, counselors often suggest that clients experience difficult emotions and thoughts, rather than evade them.

52
Q

Which exercises highlight the six core processes of the hexaflex model?

A

-Defusion exercise
-Acceptance exercise
-Contact with the present moment exercise
-Self-as-context exercise
-Values exercise
-Committed action exercise

53
Q

What is a defusion exercise?

A

Helps clients recognize their thoughts and learn how to detach from them.

Example: Imagine you’re on a train and your thoughts are on the train. Are those thoughts you? Can you see them passing by?

54
Q

Instead of responding to expected ways of acting based on how we define ourselves, ACT counselors help clients…?

A

Find ways to respond to situations that do not result in excessive negative feelings.

55
Q
A

COUNSELING THEORIES (11 decks)

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