Week 6

Question 1

Echogenic

Answer 1

Very bright on US, very good at reflecting sound waves

Question 2

Hypoechoic

Answer 2

Grey on US, reflects few echoes

Question 3

Anechoic

Answer 3

Black on US, Will not reflect sound waves. Ex. Fluids.

Question 4

Doppler US

Answer 4

use it to quantitate flow

Question 5

Duplex US

Answer 5

doppler flow superimposed on US image

Question 6

Ultrasound

Answer 6

imaging modality that uses that acoustical energy to localize and characterize human tissues.

Question 7

how ultrasound images are created

Answer 7

production of a high-frequency sound wave, the reception of a reflected wave or echo, and the conversion of that echo into the actual image.

Question 8

major risks and benefits of ultrasound

Answer 8

• well tolerated.
• obtained relatively quickly,
• require no patient preparation other than abstinence from food before abdominal studies.
• short-term potential of causingminor elevation of heatin the area being scanned
• no known long-term side effects

Question 9

Doppler effect

Answer 9

use to determine if an object, usually blood, ismoving towardor away fromthe transducer and at whatvelocityit is moving.

Question 10

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 10

blood moving from right ventricle through the lungs to the left atrium

Question 11

Systemic circulation

Answer 11

oxygenated blood being pumped from left ventricle, through aorta, into arteries, into capillaries, becoming deoxygenated, into veins, into vena cava, back to right atrium

Question 12

Artery and types

Answer 12

• Carry blood under high pressure from heart to body tissue.

- Large elastic, medium muscular, small/arterioles

Question 13

Large elastic artery

Answer 13

○ Many elastic layers which allow for them to expand from cardiac output pressure, minimizing pressure change
○ Return to normal size between ventricular contractions which maintains blood pressure
Ex. Aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, subclavian, and carotid arteries

Question 14

Medium muscular

Answer 14

○ Walls are mostly of circular smooth muscle, allows for constriction and dilation to regulate flow of blood to different parts of body
○ Have pulsatile contractions to propel blood
○ Includes most arteries

Question 15

Small arteries/arterioles

Answer 15

○ Narrow lumina and thick muscular walls
○ Degree of tonus in smooth muscles of arterioles walls controls filling of capillary beds and how high pressure is
○ Not usually named

Question 16

Anastomoses

Answer 16

○ Occur between multiple branches of an artery as potential detours for blood flow in case normal path is obstructed or compressed
○ Can increase in size over time but cannot immediately handle the complete blood flow of main artery

Question 17

True terminal arteries

Answer 17

do not contain anastomoses and if blocked there is no alternate pathway for blood to take in order to supply tissue (ex. retina)

Question 18

Veins

Answer 18

○ Return lox-oxygen blood from capillaries to the heart
○ Pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood (from lungs to heart)
○ Lower blood pressure allows for walls to be thinner than arteries
-Types: venules, medium, large

Question 19

Venules

Answer 19

○ Drain capillary beds and form small veins
○ Will form tributaries and create venous plexuses
○ Unnamed

Question 20

Medium veins

• what do they do?
• what do they have?
• what do they have to overcome? and how?
• names?

Answer 20

○ Drain venous plexuses
○ Follow same path as medium arteries
○ Venous valves are cusps that prevent gravity from taking blood back down by closing blood into a venous sinus; prevents backflow and reduces back pressure
○ Musculovenous pump overcomes the force of gravity to return blood back to heart
○ Include superficial veins and accompanying veins that are named according to the artery they follow

Question 21

Large

• what are they made of?
• diameter? why?
• how much blood do they hold?
• what is ratio of artery vs veins
• anastomoses?

Answer 21

○ Wide bundle of longitudinal smooth muscle and well developed tunica afventita
○ Walls thinner, diameter larger; allows for large capacity to expand
○ 80% of blood occupies veins
○ Tend to run in double or multiples, with accompanying veins creating branching network as a countercurrent heat exchanger (warm arterial blood warms the venous blood as it returns to the heart
○ Venous anatomoses occur more frequently than arterial

Question 22

Blood capillaries

Answer 22

-Connect the arterioles and venioles through capillary beds
○ Allow for exchange of material in extracellular fluid
As blood is pushed into the capillary it pushes the oxygen and nutrients out into the extracellular space; at venuole side of capillary the ECF contains waste and CO2 which is reabsorbed into the blood due to osmotic pressure from higher concentration of proteins within the capillary
○ Portal venous system: blood passes through two capillary beds before returning to heart

Question 23

parietal pleura

Answer 23

side of pleura touching the body cavity

Question 24

Visceral pleura

Answer 24

side of pleura touching the lung

Question 25

Parts of parietal pleura

Answer 25

• Costal: covers internal surface of thoracic wall
• Mediastinal: covers lateral aspects of mediastinum, reflects laterally at hilum to become one with vosceral pleura
• Diaphragmatic: covers superior side of diaphragm except along cotal attachments

Question 26

Pleural cavity

Answer 26

space between parietal and visceral pleura that contains serous fluid.
Can potentially be filled with air, blood, chyme due to pathology

Question 27

Right lung

Answer 27

• apex: top, base: bottom
• three lobes
• 2 fissures: right oblique and horizontal
• larger and heavier; shorter and wider

Question 28

Left lung

Answer 28

• apex:top, base:bottom
• two lobes
• 1 fissure: left oblique
• cardiac notch: indentation caused by apex of the heart
• lingula: thin tongue like process which extends into cardiac notch

Question 29

hemothorax

Answer 29

bloodin thepleural space

Question 30

pneumothorax

Answer 30

airin the pleural space

Question 31

Chylothorax

Answer 31

presence of lymphatic fluid in the pleural space

Question 32

5 basic densities on chest x-ray and CT

Answer 32

air, fat, fluid/soft tissue, calcium, metal