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Ways of Knowing: Research for Nursing > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main idea behind sampling?

A

Representativeness

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2
Q

Gap between what is stated in the theory and what occurs in reality

A

Ideal-reality gap

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3
Q

The process of selecting a subset of cases in order to draw conclusions about the entire set

A

Sampling

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4
Q

The population to which researchers would like to generalize their results

A

Target population/define study population/population of interest

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5
Q

The entity about whom or which the researcher gathers information. What are the different types?

A

Unit of analysis

individuals, groups, social artifacts

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6
Q

For the following descriptions, name the unit of analysis:
A - Anything that is not a human being
B - Cancer patients
C - Women with breast cancer

A

A - social artifact
B - group
C - individual

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7
Q

Why do we want the unit of analysis to be clear?

A

We do not want to make false generalizations from one unit of analysis to another

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8
Q

Operational definition of the population that provides the basis for drawing a sample; i.e. a list of cases from which a sample may be selected

A

Sampling frame/accessible population

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9
Q

More concrete than the target population. Turns a target population into a tangible list

A

Sampling frame

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10
Q

What are the two reasons that we do not study every single person in a population?

A

Time and money

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11
Q

What is the only situation in which a researcher will take into account every single person?

A

Census data

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12
Q

A mismatch between the target population and sampling frame

A

Coverage error

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13
Q

What are the types of coverage errors?

A

Undercoverage - omission
Overcoverage
- duplication
- Wrongful inclusoin

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14
Q

What are the causes of coverage error?

A

Incomprehensiveness
Technical problem
Attrition

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15
Q

Which coverage error is more common?

A

Undercoverage > overcoverage

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16
Q

Quitting the study prematurely; more prevalent in longitudinal studies

A

Attrition

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17
Q

The deviation of the selected sample from the true characteristics, traits, behaviours, qualities or figures of the entire population

A

Sampling error

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18
Q

Characteristics of the population

A

Parameters

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19
Q

Estimates of population parameters

A

Statistics

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20
Q

Difference between sample statistics and population parameters

A

Sampling error

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21
Q

Sampling error is only applicable to _______ research

A

quantitative

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22
Q

If the statistic avg is 3.75, and the parameter avg is 3.72, what is the sampling error?

A

0.03

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23
Q

By reducing our sampling error, we increase the ______ of the study

A

validity

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24
Q

Information from the sample is linked to the population via the ______ _______

A

sampling distribution

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25
Q

Sampling distribution:
- __________ concept
- _______–> _______–> _________
Aka as the _____ _____

A

theoretical
sample –> sampling distribution –> population
Aka the bell curve

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26
Q

Helps us to understand the relationship between sample statistics and population parameters

A

Sampling distribution

27
Q

A distribution of a statistic, such as a mean, across all random samples that could be drawn from a population

A

Sampling distribution

28
Q

How do we obtain representativeness in quantitative research?

A

Random selection/sampling

29
Q

Random selection/sampling:

  • _____ selection bias
  • _____ chance of being selected
A

no

equal

30
Q

What is another word for probability sampling?

A

Random sampling

31
Q

Everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being selected for a study

A

Random sampling

32
Q

Describe the logic behind random selection

A

Random selection –> representativeness –> generalizability/external validity

33
Q

What is the equivalent of generalizability in qualitative sampling?

A

Transferability

34
Q

Qualitative sampling:

  • Sampling for ________ ______, not for statistical reasons
  • Trying to make sense of your data; trying to interpret the ______ given by the study participants
  • _______ do not work
  • Sampling for meaning = _________ sampling
  • Once we hit ______ _______, we stop sampling
A 
meaningful patterns
meaning
numbers
theoretical
theoretical saturation
35
Q

The point at which no new themes emerge from the data and sampling is considered complete

A

Theoretical saturation

36
Q

Study findings fitting outside that particular study
The possibility that findings would have meaning to another group or could be applied in another context
(qualitative)

A

transferability

37
Q

Transferability:

- ________ generalization, NOT ________ generalization

A

analytical

statistical

38
Q

Match the sampling logic to the research type:
A - to produce a representative group of participants so results from your sample can be generalized to the population
B - Less interested in a representative sample, but still need to find people to participate which fit the overall picture

A

A - quantitative

B - qualitative

39
Q

What are the different types of sampling strategies?

A

Probability sampling

  • simple random
  • systematic
  • stratified random
  • multi-stage cluster

Non-probability sampling

  • Convenience
  • Quota/theoretical
  • Purposive
  • Snowball/network
40
Q

Random selection where each element of the population has an equal and independent chance of being included in the sample

A

Random sampling

41
Q

Provides the greatest confidence that the sample is representative, and unbiased

A

Probability sampling or random sampling

42
Q

Why is random sampling rarely used?

A

Seldom have complete list of target population

43
Q

Less generalizable because less representative samples, but more feasible for the researcher to obtain

A

non-probability sampling

44
Q

How can we increase our confidence in our non-randomly selected sample to be representative of the population?

A

Carefully use inclusion/exclusion criteria

45
Q

A probability sampling procedure in which a population is divided into strata and independent random samples are drawn from each stratum

A

Stratified random sampling

46
Q

When is it a good idea to use stratified random sampling?

A

When the target population is very diverse

47
Q

Compare simple random and stratified random in terms of sampling error.

A

Simple random - subject to greater sampling error, especially with small sample sizes

Stratified random - reduced degree of sampling error; researchers can systematically control relevant sources of variability in the population

48
Q

A probability sampling procedure in which the population is broken down into smaller areas called clusters, and a random sample of clusters is drawn

A

Multi-stage cluster sampling

49
Q

The concept of hierarchy applies well to this probability sampling method

A

Multi-stage cluster sampling

50
Q

Multi-stage cluster sampling is ______ efficient

A

cost

51
Q

Non-probability sampling:

  • Cases in the population are not ______ selected and they do not have an ____ ____ of being selected
  • Results are not ______
  • mainly used in ________ research
A

randomly
equal chance
generalizable
qualitative

52
Q

A non-random sample in which the researcher selects anyone he or she happens to come across

A

Convenience sampling

53
Q

A non-probability sampling method in which units are selected into the sample on the basis of pre-specified characteristics, so that the total sample will have the same distribution of characteristics assumed to exist in the population being studied

A

Quota sampling/theoretical sampling

54
Q

A non-probability sampling method in which the researcher uses a wide range of methods to locate all possible cases of a highly specific and difficult to reach population

A

Purposive sampling

55
Q

A non-probability sampling method in which the initial study participants may be asked to suggest additional people for the study

A

Snowball sampling

56
Q

Will involve finding a gatekeeper who can introduce the researcher to other persons in a hard to reach population

A

Snowball sampling

57
Q

What are the three major characteristics that exist in probability sampling, but not in non-probability sampling?

A

Random selection
Representativeness
Generalizability

58
Q

A large sample without random sampling or with a poor sampling frame is ______ representative than one with random sampling and an excellent sampling frame

A

less

59
Q

If we had to choose between sample size and a good sampling frame (i.e. representative), which would we prefer?

A

Representative > sample size

60
Q

In which case would a sample size be very small?

A

Qualitative sampling - especially when finding a signature person

61
Q

What are the major determinants of sample size in quantitative research?

A

The degree of accuracy required
The degree of variability or diversity in the population
The number of different variables examined simultaneously in the data analysis

62
Q

What are the major determinants of sample size in qualitative research?

A

Research tradition used

Data saturation

63
Q

Sampling methods depend on the ______ of research question as well as the _____ of your research topic - i.e. there is no _______

A

type

nature

64
Q

What are key points to consider for recruitment of study participants?

A

Must be ethical, voluntary, incentives should not be too large, and the risks should be shared

Ways of Knowing: Research for Nursing (6 decks)

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