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Ways of Knowing: Research for Nursing > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Before a research design, we need a ______, and a ______ before that.

A

question

topic

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2
Q

What does PICOT stand for?

A

population, intervention, comparison, outcome, time

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3
Q

A research question must have these attributes (4 things).

A

clear/specific
researchable
have specific evaluation criteria
have potential to make knowledge contribution

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4
Q

What are the four fundamental types of clinical questions?

A

Therapy
Harm
Diagnosis
Prognosis

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5
Q

Concerning the likelihood of a therapeutic intervention to cause harm

A

harm clinical question

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6
Q

Concerning the ability of a test to predict the likelihood of a disease

A

diagnosis clinical quesiton

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7
Q

concerning the effectiveness of a treatment or preventative measure

A

therapy clinical question

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8
Q

concerning the future course of a patient with a particular condition

A

prognosis clinical question

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9
Q

Research questions are more ______ than clinical questions.

A

general

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10
Q

What are the components of clinical questions?

A

PICOT - population, intervention/treatment, comparison, outcome, time

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11
Q

Apply PICOT to the following:

Is water as effective as alcohol in preventing umbilical cord infections in newborn infants?

A 
P - newborn infants
I - water
C - alcohol
O - reducing umbilical infections
T - time unspecified
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12
Q

Study a phenomenon over time

A

longitudinal study design

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13
Q

Study a phenomenon at one point in time

A

Cross-section study design

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14
Q

the conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence in conjunction with clinical expertise and patient values to guide healthcare decisions

A

evidence-informed practice

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15
Q

Evidence informed practice has two parts - what are they?

A

Research and decision making

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16
Q

The process of using evidence informed practice is not value free, meaning?

A

Bias is present

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17
Q

A best guess, or prediction about what a researcher expects to find with regard to the relationship between two or more variables

A

hypothesis

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18
Q

The best guess part of a hypothesis means what?

A

Typically underpinned by previous research or anecdotal evidence

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19
Q

What are the different types of hypotheses?

A

Null, alternative, directional, non-directional, simple and complex

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20
Q

Predicts no difference or relationship exists

A

Null hypothesis

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21
Q

Basis for statistical testing in research

A

null hypothesis

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22
Q

Opposite of null - specifies/predicts a relationship

A

Research/alternative hypothesis

23
Q

Hypothesis that predicts an increase or decrease in effect

A

directional hypothesis

24
Q

Hypothesis that predicts there is an association, but no specific direction is stated

A

Non-directional hypothesis

25
Q

Cause effect relationship only between dependent and independent variables

A

Simple hypothesis

26
Q

More complicated causal pathway, more variables - hypothesis type

A

Complex hypothesis

27
Q

Characteristic of something that may change (time, place, individual)

A

variable

28
Q

Variables that are the main object of study.

A

Explanatory variables

29
Q

What are the different explanatory variables?

A

IV and DV

30
Q

All other variables that you wish to control for

A

Extraneous/control variables

31
Q

Extraneous variable that occurs prior to both the IV and DV

A

antecedent extraneous variable

32
Q

Antecedent variable affecting both IV and DV at the same time

A

Spurious variable

33
Q

Antecedent variable that only comes before the IV

A

non-spurious variable

34
Q

Extraneous variable that is an effect of the IV and a cause of the DV

A

Intervening variable

35
Q

Values or categories consist of numbers, differences between the categories can be expressed numerically.

A

Quantitative variables

36
Q

Discrete categories, usually designated by a label, non-numerical differences between the categories

A

Qualitative variables

37
Q

Are both quantitative and qualitative variables used in quantitative research?

A

yes

38
Q

What are the different units of analysis?

A

Individuals
Social groupings
Social artifacts

39
Q

Why do we study units of analysis?

A

If we don’t identify our unit of analysis, we can make false assumptions - i.e. cannot make an assumption about the group level and apply it to the individual level

40
Q

the what or whom you want to study

A

unit of analysis

41
Q

combination of the different types of knowing

A

aesthetic knowing

42
Q

Name the type of knowing based on the description:
A - your ways of knowing
B - think of your past experiences, reflecting on that
C - has to do with what is best or the right action based on ethical rules

A

personal
reflexive
ethical

43
Q

Quantitative research:

  • _______-based truth
  • ____ scientific truth
  • findings are _________ to others
  • describe, explain, predict
  • researcher just ______, does not ______
  • uses numbers to help explain
  • uses ______ words
  • seeks a truth that can be applied to others in a similar situation/context
A 
population
one
generalization
observes, interact
causative
44
Q

Qualitative

- ______ _______, rather than single truths

A

multiple perspectives

45
Q

Way of thinking

A

paradigm

46
Q

• The kind of questions that are supposed to be asked and probed for answers in relation to this subject

A

paradigm

47
Q

What are the different types of paradigms we covered?

A

post-positivist
interpretative
constructivist
Positivist

48
Q 
Describe whether quantitative or qualitative for the following:
Post-positivist
Interpretative
Constructivist
Positivist
A

post-positivist - quantitative
Interpretative - qualitative
Constructivist - qualitative
Positivist - quantitative

49
Q

Describe the differences between the qualitative and quantitative research for the following:
nature of research
Reality
Context

A

Nature of research:
- Quantitative:
Population-based, objective

  • Qualitative: Individual based, subjective

Reality:

  • Quantitative: one scientific truth
  • Qualitative: multiple realities

Context:

  • Quantitative: generalizable to others
  • Qualitative: enriched details of specific time/place
50
Q 
Describe the differences between the qualitative and quantitative research for the following:
Goals
Values
Researcher's voice
Methods
A

Goals:
- Quantitative: describe, explain, predict

  • Qualitative: describe and understand

Values:

  • Quantitative: not applicable (Detracting)
  • Qualitative: woven in

Researcher’s voice:

  • Quantitative: neutral, observer
  • Qualitative: active

Methods:

  • Quantitative: experimental or quasi-experimental
  • Qualitative: dialogue
51
Q

X causes Y (100%)

A

causative

52
Q

X may be related to Y, but doesn’t explain all the variation in Y

A

correlation

53
Q

A linear path of research is more likely for _______; while a cyclical approach is more often ______.

A

quantitative

qualitative

Ways of Knowing: Research for Nursing (6 decks)

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