Week 2 Flashcards
Before a research design, we need a ______, and a ______ before that.
question
topic
What does PICOT stand for?
population, intervention, comparison, outcome, time
A research question must have these attributes (4 things).
clear/specific
researchable
have specific evaluation criteria
have potential to make knowledge contribution
What are the four fundamental types of clinical questions?
Therapy
Harm
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Concerning the likelihood of a therapeutic intervention to cause harm
harm clinical question
Concerning the ability of a test to predict the likelihood of a disease
diagnosis clinical quesiton
concerning the effectiveness of a treatment or preventative measure
therapy clinical question
concerning the future course of a patient with a particular condition
prognosis clinical question
Research questions are more ______ than clinical questions.
general
What are the components of clinical questions?
PICOT - population, intervention/treatment, comparison, outcome, time
Apply PICOT to the following:
Is water as effective as alcohol in preventing umbilical cord infections in newborn infants?
P - newborn infants I - water C - alcohol O - reducing umbilical infections T - time unspecified
Study a phenomenon over time
longitudinal study design
Study a phenomenon at one point in time
Cross-section study design
the conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence in conjunction with clinical expertise and patient values to guide healthcare decisions
evidence-informed practice
Evidence informed practice has two parts - what are they?
Research and decision making
The process of using evidence informed practice is not value free, meaning?
Bias is present
A best guess, or prediction about what a researcher expects to find with regard to the relationship between two or more variables
hypothesis
The best guess part of a hypothesis means what?
Typically underpinned by previous research or anecdotal evidence
What are the different types of hypotheses?
Null, alternative, directional, non-directional, simple and complex
Predicts no difference or relationship exists
Null hypothesis
Basis for statistical testing in research
null hypothesis
Opposite of null - specifies/predicts a relationship
Research/alternative hypothesis
Hypothesis that predicts an increase or decrease in effect
directional hypothesis
Hypothesis that predicts there is an association, but no specific direction is stated
Non-directional hypothesis
Cause effect relationship only between dependent and independent variables
Simple hypothesis
More complicated causal pathway, more variables - hypothesis type
Complex hypothesis
Characteristic of something that may change (time, place, individual)
variable
Variables that are the main object of study.
Explanatory variables
What are the different explanatory variables?
IV and DV
All other variables that you wish to control for
Extraneous/control variables
Extraneous variable that occurs prior to both the IV and DV
antecedent extraneous variable
Antecedent variable affecting both IV and DV at the same time
Spurious variable
Antecedent variable that only comes before the IV
non-spurious variable
Extraneous variable that is an effect of the IV and a cause of the DV
Intervening variable
Values or categories consist of numbers, differences between the categories can be expressed numerically.
Quantitative variables
Discrete categories, usually designated by a label, non-numerical differences between the categories
Qualitative variables
Are both quantitative and qualitative variables used in quantitative research?
yes
What are the different units of analysis?
Individuals
Social groupings
Social artifacts
Why do we study units of analysis?
If we don’t identify our unit of analysis, we can make false assumptions - i.e. cannot make an assumption about the group level and apply it to the individual level
the what or whom you want to study
unit of analysis
combination of the different types of knowing
aesthetic knowing
Name the type of knowing based on the description:
A - your ways of knowing
B - think of your past experiences, reflecting on that
C - has to do with what is best or the right action based on ethical rules
personal
reflexive
ethical
Quantitative research:
- _______-based truth
- ____ scientific truth
- findings are _________ to others
- describe, explain, predict
- researcher just ______, does not ______
- uses numbers to help explain
- uses ______ words
- seeks a truth that can be applied to others in a similar situation/context
population one generalization observes, interact causative
Qualitative
- ______ _______, rather than single truths
multiple perspectives
Way of thinking
paradigm
• The kind of questions that are supposed to be asked and probed for answers in relation to this subject
paradigm
What are the different types of paradigms we covered?
post-positivist
interpretative
constructivist
Positivist
Describe whether quantitative or qualitative for the following: Post-positivist Interpretative Constructivist Positivist
post-positivist - quantitative
Interpretative - qualitative
Constructivist - qualitative
Positivist - quantitative
Describe the differences between the qualitative and quantitative research for the following:
nature of research
Reality
Context
Nature of research:
- Quantitative:
Population-based, objective
- Qualitative: Individual based, subjective
Reality:
- Quantitative: one scientific truth
- Qualitative: multiple realities
Context:
- Quantitative: generalizable to others
- Qualitative: enriched details of specific time/place
Describe the differences between the qualitative and quantitative research for the following: Goals Values Researcher's voice Methods
Goals:
- Quantitative: describe, explain, predict
- Qualitative: describe and understand
Values:
- Quantitative: not applicable (Detracting)
- Qualitative: woven in
Researcher’s voice:
- Quantitative: neutral, observer
- Qualitative: active
Methods:
- Quantitative: experimental or quasi-experimental
- Qualitative: dialogue
X causes Y (100%)
causative
X may be related to Y, but doesn’t explain all the variation in Y
correlation
A linear path of research is more likely for _______; while a cyclical approach is more often ______.
quantitative
qualitative
