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Ways of Knowing: Research for Nursing > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the relevance of experiments and quasi-experiments in nursing research?

A

Control, causal mechanism, internal validity, random assignment

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2
Q

Lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment or participants to conditions or orders of conditions, or both

A

Non-experimental research

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3
Q

What are the types of non-experimental research?

A

survey, secondary data analysis

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4
Q

Give an example of secondary data analysis.

A

Using the dataset generated by Statistics Canada and then analyzing it

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5
Q

Using someone else’s data and performing an analysis on it

A

secondary data analysis

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6
Q

A method of investigation that uses question-based methods to collection information about how people think and act

A

survey research

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7
Q

What is the purpose of survey study?

A

Correlational study - relationships among variables

Developmental study - changes over time

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8
Q

How are survey studies classified by duration of study?

A 
Cross-sectional
- present
- retrospective
Longitudinal
- Prospective
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9
Q

Name the survey study type based on the description.
A - Collect information at one point in time
B - Ask people to provide information regarding something that happened in the past
C - Evaluate variables along multiple waves
D - Collecting data at this time

A

A - Cross-sectional
B - Retrospective
C - Longitudinal
D - Present

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10
Q

Compare Prospective and retrospective on the following parameters:

  • Cost
  • Time spent/duration
  • Degree of control
  • Selection bias/recall bias
A

Cost - prospective costs more

Duration - prospective has more time spent

Degree of control - both studies may have many extraneous variables which may confound the data

Selection bias/recall bias - both are threats to validity

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11
Q

What are the advantages of survey research?

A

Allow us to develop multiple research questions
External validity tends to be strong
Large sample sizes

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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of survey research?

A

Providing weaker tests of causality

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13
Q

What are the advantages of open-ended questions?

A

Diversity/richer information source
Autonomy
Qualitative

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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of open-ended questions?

A

Going off topic
gather unnecessary information
Coding/Analysis (difficult)
Bias in interpretation/misinterpretation

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15
Q

What are the advantages of closed-ended questions?

A

Precise
easier to analyze/code
easier to answer
Cheaper to administer

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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of closed-ended questions?

A

Unclear

not exhaustive/mutually exclusive or answer unsuitable

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17
Q

Some researchers suggest what in regards to the use of closed and open-ended questions?

A

Use open ended-questions as a pilot test to develop closed ended questions

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18
Q

Questions that ask participants to choose a number representing the direction and strength of their response

A

Rating Qs

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19
Q

What are two types of rating Qs?

A

Likert scale

Semantic differential

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20
Q

Questions that ask a person to rate a product, brand or service based on a rating scale that has two bi-polar adjectives at each end

A

Semantic differential

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21
Q

Questions that ask a person’s degree of agreement or disagreement/

A

Likert Scale

22
Q

A Likert scale has typically __ options.

A

5

23
Q

What are some response formats we learned about?

A 
Skip or contigency Qs
Rating Qs
- Likert Scale
- Semantic differential
Rank order (priority test)
24
Q

A questions that asks you to rank choices based on the most important to the least is an example of which response format?

A

Rank order - priority test

25
Q

The proportion of people in the sample from whom completed interviews or questionaires are obtained

A

Response rate

26
Q

What are other names for response rate?

A

Return rate or completion rate

27
Q

Describe the percentage of response rates and what each means.

A

50% - adequate
60% - good
70%+ - very good

28
Q

What are the different ways in which a questionnaire may be administered?

A

Self-administered - online and mail

Assisted - telephone

29
Q

What are the ways in which an interview may be administered?

A

telephone

face-to-face

30
Q

What are the two types of survey design?

A

Questionnaire

Interview

31
Q

Which are the most common types of survey designs?

A

Mail surveys

32
Q

What are the advantages of mail surveys?

A

Lower cost
covers a wide geographic range
anonymity
no interviewer bias

33
Q

What are the disadvantages of mail surveys?

A

Lower response rate
no probing or clarification
language illiteracy - incompletion
coverage issues (e.g. homeless people)

34
Q

What are the advantages of online surveys?

A

Lower cost
covers a wide geographical range
anonymity
no interviewer bias

35
Q

What are the disadvantages of online surveys?

A

Lower response rate
no probing or clarification
Language illiteracy - incompletion
coverage issues (e.g. those without internet)

36
Q

What are the advantages of telephone surveys?

A

Covers a wide geographic area
some probing/clarification
higher response rate

37
Q

What are disadvantages of telephone surveys?

A 
High cost
some interviewer bias
lower anonymity
potential disruption (e.g. background noise)
coverage issues (i.e. no phone)
38
Q

What are the advantages of face-to-face interviews?

A

Highest response rate
extensive probing
obtain rich data

39
Q

What are the disadvantages of face-to-face interviews?

A

Most costly
most time consuming
Great interviewer bias

40
Q

What are the key points of the face-to-face interview? (i.e. what may lead to bias, or lack thereof?)

A 
Consistency - reliability
Probing
Interviewer bias
Trust between interviewer and interviewee
Interviewer training
41
Q

What are the different factors that may come into play for interviewer bias?

A

Gender, age, social class, ethnicity/culture/race

42
Q

What are some general rules to follow when making survey research questions?

A

Clear, concise, simple

Creative, but scientifically rigorous

43
Q

What are some common mistakes that make poor survey questions?

A 
1 - Jargon, slang, abbreviations
2 - Ambiguity, confusion, vagueness
3 - Emotional/value-loaded language
4 - Prestige bias/leading
5 - Double-barrelled questions
6 - Sensitive questions at the beginning
7 - Beyond respondent's capacities
8 - Extreme absolutes
9 - Distant future intentions
10 - Double negatives
44
Q

For the following descriptions, name the survey question issue:

A - unclear frames of reference/lack of a specific context
B - questions that contain emotive or value judgement words
C - Questions that contain expert or authority persons which can affect a person’s response
D - Asking more than one item in a question
E - Questions that contain sensitive items that can discourage participants from responding
F - Questions that are beyond respondent’s comprehension
G - Questions that contain absolute language
H - Questions that contain hypothetical situations that have not yet occurred to study participants
I - Questions that have double negatives

A 
A - Ambiguity, confusion, vagueness
B - Emotion/value-loaded questions
C - Prestige bias/leading Qs
D - double-barrelled Qs 
E - sensitive Qs
F - Beyond respondent's capacities
G - Extreme absolutes
H - Distant future intentions
I - Double negatives
45
Q

Name the survey question issue based on the description:
A - Do you always observe traffic signs
B - Do you favor or oppose not allowing legalization of sex workers in Canada?
C - Will you immigrate to Canada after finishing your master program in nursing?
D - Can you tell me what can possibly happen when the federal government changes residency calculation methods for permanent residents who attempt to apply for their Canadian citizenship?
E - Have you practiced unprotected sex in the past year?
F - Do you have a well-balanced diet and exercise on a daily basis?
G - Most doctors say that cigarette smoking causes lung diseases. Do you agree?
H - Should car seats be used for our loved ones?
I - Do you smoke regularly?
J - How often do you take double-double for your coffee?

A 
A - extreme absolutes
B - double negatives
C - distant future intentions
D - beyond respondent's capacities
E - Sensitive Qs at the beginning
F - Double-barrelled questions
G - Prestige bias/leading
H - Emotional/value-loaded Qs
I - Ambiguity, confusion and vagueness
J - Jargon, slang, and abbreviations
46
Q

What are the 5 rules for obtaining usable answers?

A

1 - Response options need to be mutually exclusive and exhaustive
2 - Keep open-ended questions to a minimum (quantitative)
3 - Time (or other things) must be specified
4 - Consider a “don’t know” response
5 - Provide a meaningful scale

47
Q

Describe an idea survey design based on the following parameters:

  • Question order/sequence
  • Context effects
  • Layout and format
A

General –> specific
(sensitive Qs later)
Organize Qs by topic order (may have different sections)
Have easy to follow layout, good font size, highlight key words

48
Q

The difference between what study participants response in the survey/interview and what they actually behave or act in reality

A

Response-reality gap

49
Q

People lying about habits for desirability reasons; i.e. only showing their best self

A

Response bias

50
Q

The tendency to exhibit a particular pattern of response regardless of what question is being asked

A

Response set

51
Q

What are the different major problems in survey research (3)?

A

Response-reality gap
Response bias
Response set

52
Q

Picking agree with OR disagree with consistently

A

response set

Ways of Knowing: Research for Nursing (6 decks)

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