Week 5

Question 1

What is the relevance of experiments and quasi-experiments in nursing research?

Answer 1

Control, causal mechanism, internal validity, random assignment

Question 2

Lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment or participants to conditions or orders of conditions, or both

Answer 2

Non-experimental research

Question 3

What are the types of non-experimental research?

Answer 3

survey, secondary data analysis

Question 4

Give an example of secondary data analysis.

Answer 4

Using the dataset generated by Statistics Canada and then analyzing it

Question 5

Using someone else’s data and performing an analysis on it

Answer 5

secondary data analysis

Question 6

A method of investigation that uses question-based methods to collection information about how people think and act

Answer 6

survey research

Question 7

What is the purpose of survey study?

Answer 7

Correlational study - relationships among variables

Developmental study - changes over time

Question 8

How are survey studies classified by duration of study?

Answer 8

Cross-sectional
- present
- retrospective
Longitudinal
- Prospective

Question 9

Name the survey study type based on the description.
A - Collect information at one point in time
B - Ask people to provide information regarding something that happened in the past
C - Evaluate variables along multiple waves
D - Collecting data at this time

Answer 9

A - Cross-sectional
B - Retrospective
C - Longitudinal
D - Present

Question 10

Compare Prospective and retrospective on the following parameters:

• Cost
• Time spent/duration
• Degree of control
• Selection bias/recall bias

Answer 10

Cost - prospective costs more

Duration - prospective has more time spent

Degree of control - both studies may have many extraneous variables which may confound the data

Selection bias/recall bias - both are threats to validity

Question 11

What are the advantages of survey research?

Answer 11

Allow us to develop multiple research questions
External validity tends to be strong
Large sample sizes

Question 12

What are the disadvantages of survey research?

Answer 12

Providing weaker tests of causality

Question 13

What are the advantages of open-ended questions?

Answer 13

Diversity/richer information source
Autonomy
Qualitative

Question 14

What are the disadvantages of open-ended questions?

Answer 14

Going off topic
gather unnecessary information
Coding/Analysis (difficult)
Bias in interpretation/misinterpretation

Question 15

What are the advantages of closed-ended questions?

Answer 15

Precise
easier to analyze/code
easier to answer
Cheaper to administer

Question 16

What are the disadvantages of closed-ended questions?

Answer 16

Unclear

not exhaustive/mutually exclusive or answer unsuitable

Question 17

Some researchers suggest what in regards to the use of closed and open-ended questions?

Answer 17

Use open ended-questions as a pilot test to develop closed ended questions

Question 18

Questions that ask participants to choose a number representing the direction and strength of their response

Answer 18

Rating Qs

Question 19

What are two types of rating Qs?

Answer 19

Likert scale

Semantic differential

Question 20

Questions that ask a person to rate a product, brand or service based on a rating scale that has two bi-polar adjectives at each end

Answer 20

Semantic differential

Question 21

Questions that ask a person’s degree of agreement or disagreement/

Answer 21

Likert Scale

Question 22

A Likert scale has typically __ options.

Answer 22

5

Question 23

What are some response formats we learned about?

Answer 23

Skip or contigency Qs
Rating Qs
- Likert Scale
- Semantic differential
Rank order (priority test)

Question 24

A questions that asks you to rank choices based on the most important to the least is an example of which response format?

Answer 24

Rank order - priority test

Question 25

The proportion of people in the sample from whom completed interviews or questionaires are obtained

Answer 25

Response rate

Question 26

What are other names for response rate?

Answer 26

Return rate or completion rate

Question 27

Describe the percentage of response rates and what each means.

Answer 27

50% - adequate 60% - good 70%+ - very good

Question 28

What are the different ways in which a questionnaire may be administered?

Answer 28

Self-administered - online and mail | Assisted - telephone

Question 29

What are the ways in which an interview may be administered?

Answer 29

telephone | face-to-face

Question 30

What are the two types of survey design?

Answer 30

Questionnaire | Interview

Question 31

Which are the most common types of survey designs?

Answer 31

Mail surveys

Question 32

What are the advantages of mail surveys?

Answer 32

Lower cost covers a wide geographic range anonymity no interviewer bias

Question 33

What are the disadvantages of mail surveys?

Answer 33

Lower response rate no probing or clarification language illiteracy - incompletion coverage issues (e.g. homeless people)

Question 34

What are the advantages of online surveys?

Answer 34

Lower cost covers a wide geographical range anonymity no interviewer bias

Question 35

What are the disadvantages of online surveys?

Answer 35

Lower response rate no probing or clarification Language illiteracy - incompletion coverage issues (e.g. those without internet)

Question 36

What are the advantages of telephone surveys?

Answer 36

Covers a wide geographic area some probing/clarification higher response rate

Question 37

What are disadvantages of telephone surveys?

Answer 37

``` High cost some interviewer bias lower anonymity potential disruption (e.g. background noise) coverage issues (i.e. no phone) ```

Question 38

What are the advantages of face-to-face interviews?

Answer 38

Highest response rate extensive probing obtain rich data

Question 39

What are the disadvantages of face-to-face interviews?

Answer 39

Most costly most time consuming Great interviewer bias

Question 40

What are the key points of the face-to-face interview? (i.e. what may lead to bias, or lack thereof?)

Answer 40

``` Consistency - reliability Probing Interviewer bias Trust between interviewer and interviewee Interviewer training ```

Question 41

What are the different factors that may come into play for interviewer bias?

Answer 41

Gender, age, social class, ethnicity/culture/race

Question 42

What are some general rules to follow when making survey research questions?

Answer 42

Clear, concise, simple | Creative, but scientifically rigorous

Question 43

What are some common mistakes that make poor survey questions?

Answer 43

``` 1 - Jargon, slang, abbreviations 2 - Ambiguity, confusion, vagueness 3 - Emotional/value-loaded language 4 - Prestige bias/leading 5 - Double-barrelled questions 6 - Sensitive questions at the beginning 7 - Beyond respondent's capacities 8 - Extreme absolutes 9 - Distant future intentions 10 - Double negatives ```

Question 44

For the following descriptions, name the survey question issue: A - unclear frames of reference/lack of a specific context B - questions that contain emotive or value judgement words C - Questions that contain expert or authority persons which can affect a person's response D - Asking more than one item in a question E - Questions that contain sensitive items that can discourage participants from responding F - Questions that are beyond respondent's comprehension G - Questions that contain absolute language H - Questions that contain hypothetical situations that have not yet occurred to study participants I - Questions that have double negatives

Answer 44

``` A - Ambiguity, confusion, vagueness B - Emotion/value-loaded questions C - Prestige bias/leading Qs D - double-barrelled Qs E - sensitive Qs F - Beyond respondent's capacities G - Extreme absolutes H - Distant future intentions I - Double negatives ```

Question 45

Name the survey question issue based on the description: A - Do you always observe traffic signs B - Do you favor or oppose not allowing legalization of sex workers in Canada? C - Will you immigrate to Canada after finishing your master program in nursing? D - Can you tell me what can possibly happen when the federal government changes residency calculation methods for permanent residents who attempt to apply for their Canadian citizenship? E - Have you practiced unprotected sex in the past year? F - Do you have a well-balanced diet and exercise on a daily basis? G - Most doctors say that cigarette smoking causes lung diseases. Do you agree? H - Should car seats be used for our loved ones? I - Do you smoke regularly? J - How often do you take double-double for your coffee?

Answer 45

``` A - extreme absolutes B - double negatives C - distant future intentions D - beyond respondent's capacities E - Sensitive Qs at the beginning F - Double-barrelled questions G - Prestige bias/leading H - Emotional/value-loaded Qs I - Ambiguity, confusion and vagueness J - Jargon, slang, and abbreviations ```

Question 46

What are the 5 rules for obtaining usable answers?

Answer 46

1 - Response options need to be mutually exclusive and exhaustive 2 - Keep open-ended questions to a minimum (quantitative) 3 - Time (or other things) must be specified 4 - Consider a "don't know" response 5 - Provide a meaningful scale

Question 47

Describe an idea survey design based on the following parameters: - Question order/sequence - Context effects - Layout and format

Answer 47

General --> specific (sensitive Qs later) Organize Qs by topic order (may have different sections) Have easy to follow layout, good font size, highlight key words

Question 48

The difference between what study participants response in the survey/interview and what they actually behave or act in reality

Answer 48

Response-reality gap

Question 49

People lying about habits for desirability reasons; i.e. only showing their best self

Answer 49

Response bias

Question 50

The tendency to exhibit a particular pattern of response regardless of what question is being asked

Answer 50

Response set

Question 51

What are the different major problems in survey research (3)?

Answer 51

Response-reality gap Response bias Response set

Question 52

Picking agree with OR disagree with consistently

Answer 52

response set