Week 6 Flashcards by Brendan Knapp

in a left dominant circulation, what artery supplies the AV node?

left circumflex –> posterior descending artery

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acute intermittent porphyria:

glucose and heme inhibit what enzyme?

ALA synthase

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cDNA is synthesized from an ___ template. it can detect ____ mutations but not ____ mutations

mRNA;
frameshift;
nonsense (or missense)

because cDNA is looking at mRNA, not the protein itself

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CF nasal mucosa:

____ Na and H2O absorption; ____ negative nasal transepithelial potential difference

increased;

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glucocorticoids cause an increase in protein synthesis in what organ?

liver;

catabolic everywhere else

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penicillin is a structural analog of what?

D-Ala-D-Ala

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osteomyelitis usually affects the:

______ in kids;
_____ in adults

metaphysis;

epiphysis

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porcelin gall bladder increases the risk of ______ of the _____

adenocarcinoma of the gall bladder

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primary adrenal insufficiency:

____natremia, ____kalemia, metabolic _____;

pigmentation or no?

hyponatremia, hyperkalemia;
acidosis;

hyperpigmented

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BH4 is a cofactor in the synthesis of what 2 NT’s?

dopamine (and other catecholamines);

serotonin (from tryptophan)

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factor V leiden:
resistance to _____ by ____ ____;
causes recurrent _____

inactivation;
protein C;
DVT

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gastritis:
H. Pylori associated typically affects the ____ first;

pernicious anemia affects the _____

antrum;

body/fundus

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treatment of choice for arsenic poisoning?

dimercaprol;

succimer also works

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changes in what are the cause of switching from alpha helices to beta pleated sheats?

hydrogen bonding

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with hepatic encephalopathy, excitatory NT’s are _____ and inhibitory NT’s are _____

decreased;

increased

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cholelithiasis in pregnancy:
_____ cause increased cholesterol secretion;
____ causes gall bladder hypomotility

estrogen;

progesterone

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:
maneuvers that increase preload or afterload will _____ murmur intensity by _____ LV EDV and ____ outflow tract obsruction

decrease;
increasing;
decreasing

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glomus bodies have what function?

themoregulation;

glomus tumors occur in nails

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cilostazol is a _____ inhibitor that increases _____, resulting in inhibition of platelet _____ and causing direct _____ vasodilation

phosphodiesterase;
cAMP;
aggregration;
arterial

used for peripheral artery disease/intermittent claudication

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thyroid peroxidase is responseible for what 3 functions?

oxidation (of iodide to idoine);
iodination (of TGB tyrosine residues);
coupling (of iodtyrosine to form T3, T4)

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why can’t mature erythrocytes synthesize heme?

loss of mitochondria

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lesions to the ______ nucleus cause hyperphagia;

lesions to the _____ nucleus cause anorexia

ventromedial;

lateral

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biliary atresia: due to destruction of ____hepatic bile ducts; see ____hepatic bile duct prolfieration and ______ hyperbilirubinemia

extrahepatic;
intrahepatic;

conjugated

leukemoid reactions:

see ____ LAP, ____ bodies which are ____ granules in neutrophils

increased;

dohle, basophilic

auero rods are seen in what cancer? stain positive for?

AML; myeloPEROXIDASE

infective endocarditis causes what renal syndrome? due to what?

diffuse proliferative glomerlonephritis; immune complex deposition

which kind of mosaicism can cause turner syndrome?

somatic | germline mosaicism only affects the off spring

lower the cut off of a diagnostic test causes _____ sensitivity, ____ specificity, _____ false negatives, ____ false positives

increased, decreased; decreased, increased

_____ is ability of a test to reproduce identical/similar results; ____ is ability of test to be close to the true value

precision (reliability); accuracy (validity)

pathogenesis of hearing loss due to loud noises?

damage to stereociliated hair cells of organ of corti

injection to the ______ quadrant of the but can damage the superior gluteal nerve. this causes the _____ hip to drop

superomedial; contralateral (injections to superomedial, inferomedial, and inferolateral regions can injure the sciatic nerve)

which form of ALL is associated with a mediastinal mass that can cause respiratory symptoms or dysphagia?

T-cell

2 areas cancer can occur that cause SVC syndrome

mediastinum; superior sulcus (also present with other symptoms)

mitochondrial ____ is a typical sign of irreversible injury. disaggregation of granules in the nucleus is a sign of ____ injury

vacuolization; reversible

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors do not have a ____ group, making ______ _________ formation impossible

3'-OH; | 3'-5' phosphodiester bond

somatic mosaicism arises from errors in _____ (before or after) fertilization

mitosis, after

sebaceous glands are an example of what type of exocrine glands? sweat and salivary glands are examples of what type of exocrine glands?

holocrine (ie Acne); merocrine

acyclovir is more effective against HSV and VZV than CMV and EBV due to variations in what enzymatic step?

monophosphorylation by viral thymidine kinasbe (ie slow in CMV and EBV) rate limiting step

2 most important things to assess in metabolic alkalosis

volume status, urine chloride ie hyperaldosteronism = increased volume and increased urine Cl

__phosphorylated Rb releases E2F, which ____ progression from G1 to S phase

hyper; | causes

repressors (ie in the Lac operon) bind the ______, blocking transcription.

operator;

most common cause of E. coli bacteremia in men?

UTI

riboflavin deficiency inhibits what enzyme in the TCA cycle? due to deficiency of what?

succinate dehydrogenase; FAD

cerebellar hemisphere lesions cause ____lateral dysdiadochokinesia, limb dysmetria, and intention tremor

ipsi

patients with hypocitraturia are at increased risk for ____ ____ stones

calcium oxalatge

cortisol and catecholamine interactions are an example of what kind of drug interaction?

permissive; ie cortisol without catecholamines does nothing (cortisol upregulates alpha 1 receptors)

pick bodies are made of ____ _____. seen in what? lewy bodies are made of ______. seen in what?

hyperphosphorylated Tau -- frontotemporal dementia (aka Pick disease); alpha synuclein; Parkinson's and lewy body demenita

dehydration: | ____ GFR, _____ RPF, _____ FF

decrease; decrease a lot; increase

accumulation of what pigment is seen in chronic blood transfusions?

hemosiderin

equation for maintenance dose

Cp * CL * Tau; Cp = target plasma conc; CL = clearance; Tau = dosage interval

equation for loading dose

Vd * Cp Cp = target plasma concentration

what does the Kozak consensus sequence do? where is it found?

helps initiate translation; mRNA

cystic medial degeneration predisposes individuals to what 2 heart conditions?

aortic dissection, aortic aneurysm

LPL or APO CII deficiency causes what dyslipidemia? main symptom is ______

hyperchylomicronemia; acute pancreatitis (due to increased TG's); creamy supernatant

signet cells are seen in what kind of gastric cancer? | what is also seen in this cancer?

diffuse; linitis plastica (infiltrates stomach_