Week 1 Flashcards by Brendan Knapp

In a positively skewed distribution, the ____ is the most shifted in the positive direction. I.e., it is greater than the ____ which is greater than the ____

mean;

median, mode

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which histone protein is located outside of the core and helps package nucleosomes?

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tRNA:

has a ____ sequence at its 3’ end that is used as a _____ sequence by proteins

CCA, recognition

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classic galactosemia:
due to deficiency in _____;
often complicated by ____ sepsis.

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase;

E. coli

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galactonkinase deficiency typically causes _____

cataracts

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isoniazid inhibits pyridoxine _____ = decrease B6 synthesis. this causes _____ anemia, a ____cytic/____chromic anemia

phosphokinase;
sideroblastic;
microcytic, hypochromic

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with Left HF:

fluid in pulmonary interstitium causes decreased _____ ____ –> dyspnea

lung compliance

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spinal accessory nerve passes through the ____ ____ of the neck where it can get injured. symptoms include ____ of the shoulder and impaired abduction above _____

posterior triangle;

drooping, horizontal

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the extended spectrum beta-lactamase gene can be transmitted between organisms via ____ ____

plasmid conjugation

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what embryological vessel is the SVC derived from?

cardinal vein

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in diastolic HF:

see ____ ejection fraction, _____ EDV, _____ compliance, and _____ LV EDP

normal, normal;

reduced, increased

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type 2 DM:
chronically elevated _____ levels contribute to insulin resistance by impairing insulin-dependent ____ uptake and increase hepatic ______

free fatty accid;

glucose, gluconeogenesis

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in general, what 2 ions are responsible for the resting potential of a cell?

K (main), Na

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mutations in the _____ gene are a cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young

glucokinase

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what are the 2 excusively ketogenic amino acids? increasing intake of this can be used to treat ______ deficiency

lysine, leucine;

pyruvate dehydrogenase

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what composes most of the right side of the cardiac silhouette on CXR?

right atrium

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retroperitoneal hematoma:

more likely to be caused by trauma to pancreas or spleen>?

pancreas

spleen is not retroperitoneal

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ethanol inhibits gluconeogenesis by increaseing the _____ ratio

NADH/NAD+

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drugs that a _____ lipohillic and have a ____ Vd are preferentially processed by the liver.

more, high

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IL 4 promotes class switching to ___; IL 5 promotes switching to ____. which activates eosinophils?

IgE;
IgA;

IL5–>eosinophils

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what kind of immunity is required to get rid of intracellular bacteria?

cell mediated

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____ enzyme deficiency = Cori disease;

due to accumulation of glycogen with abnormally __ ____ ____ due to inability to degrade ____ branch points

debranching;
short outer chains (limit dextrans);
alpha-1,6-glycosidic

hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, hepatomegaly

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at functional residual capacity (FRC), the airway pressure = ____ and the intrapleural pressure is _____

0, negative (ie -5)

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sarcoidosis:

characterized by increased _____ lymphocytes;

CD4

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NE main effects: binds ____ receptor = increased ____ and peripheral vasoconstriction; binds ____ = increased ____ and increased contractility

alpha 1; IP3; beta 1; cAMP

contact precautions for MDR organisms and enterics include hand hygeine, _____ gloves and (a gown and/or a mask)?

non-sterile gloves, | gown

what brain cancer has a biphasic pattern of cellularity and is S100+ ?

schwannoma

S100+ indicates ____ origin

neural crest ie melanoma

17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency: | ___ mineralocorticoids, _____ sex hormones, ____ bp, ____ potassium

increased, decreased; | increased, decreased (ie hypokalemia)

what cells release elastase in the lung?

PMNs, MQs

what bacteria has a polyribosylribitol phosphate capsule?

H flu (type B)

what nerve lies in close proximity to the inferior thyroid artery

recurrent laryngeal nerve

acute mitral regurg: | ____ preload, _____ afterload, ____ ejection fraction

increased, decreased, icnreased

S3: systolic or diastolic? due to _______; seen in patients with ____. heard best in left lateral decubitus at end _____

diastolic (Early); rapid ventricular filling; HF; expiration

____ ____ is caused by failure of ventral pancreatic bud to migrate and fuse with the dorsal bud. it encircles the _____

annular pancreas; | duodenum

carbon monoxide binds ____ to heme. it causes _____ oxygen affinity

competitively, increased; ie left shift

if the SA node is impaired, what takes over pacemaker responsibilities first?

AV node

what fungus is characterized by thick-walled spherules packed with endospores?

coccidioides immitis

the _____ _____ nerve can be damaged by trauma to the piriform recess. this impairs the ____ reflex

internal laryngeal; | cough

diastolic HF:P | ____ ventricular compliance, _____ ejection fraction, _____ LV EDV, _____ LV filing pressures

decreased, normal, normal, increased

what liver disease is characterized by lymphocytic granulomatous inflammation in middle aged women?

primary biliary cirhossis

a _____ ______ _____ defect is comprised of an ASD, a VSD, and a common AV valve. it is associated with ______ _____

complete AV canal defect; | down syndrome

entacopone is a (peripheral or central) _____ inhibitor

peripheral COMT

derivatives: the common carotid/proximal ICA is a derivative of the ____ arch. the pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus are derivatives of the ____ arch

3rd, 6th aortic, proximal right subclav - 4th arch

what lab should one check before starting SGLT2 inhibitors (ie canaglifloxin)?

renal function--BUN/Cr

the carotid sinus is a ______. what is its afferent limb? what is the efferent limb?

baroreceptor; | CN 9, CN 10

what kind of transplant rejection is characterized by a dense interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate and vasculitis of graft vessels?

acute

the superficial inguinal ring is formed by an opening in the ______. the deep inguinal ring is formed by an opening in the ______

external oblique aponeurosis transversalis fasica

the ____ ____ ____ contains kiesselbach's plexus and can be the source of epistaxis

anterior nasal septum

2 acidic buffers in urine: these are increased or decreased in acidosis?

NH3, H2PO4; increased

_____ upregulates LPL and increases TG clearance. also activates _____ to induce HDL synthesis

fibrates; | PPAR alpha

lead poisoning: ____ ____ is seen in peripheral blood smear; ____ ____ seen on bone marrow biopsy

basophillic stippling; ringed sideroblasts

which of the MEN's is associated with marfanioid habitus?

MEN 2B | medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas

the ____ _____ is characterized by enlarged rounded cells with peripherally located nuceli and dispersed Nissl substance. due to....

axonal reaction; | severing of axon

_____ _____ _____ is characterized by an eiosinophillic cytoplasm with pyknotic nuclei

irreversible neuronal injury

osgood schlatter is due to pain and swelling at the ____ ____ from repetitive ____ contraction

tibial tuberosity; | quadriceps

what nerve innervates the plantar foot?

tibial | also involved in plantar flexion/inversion

serum sickness is an example of type _____ hypersensitivity reaction

3 derivatives of POMC?

ACTH, MSH, beta-endorphin

injury to what nerve causes a positive trendelenburg sign>

superior gluteal

_____ is accumulation of edema fluid in the intercellular spaces of the epidermis

spongiosis ie contact dermatitis

sulfur donors (ie sodium thiosulfate) can be used to treat ____ toxicity

cyanide

what vitamin is required in transamination reactions?

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxal phosphate)

what artery runs with the radial nerve in the midhumerus?

deep brachial

which salmonella species causes typhoid fever? characterized by rose spots where?

salmonella typhi (or paratyphi); on abdomen

what can the D-xylose test be used to differentiate between?

pancreatic vs mucosal cause of malabsorption

what part of the kidney does ADH act on?

medullary segment collecting duct

iron deficiency anemia is seen in ____ sided colon cancers. obstructive symptoms are seen in ____ sided colon cancers. ____ involvement produces hematochezia

right (Ascending); left (descending); rectosigmoid

frontal lobe lesions: ___ side = apathy and depression; ____ side = disinhibited behavior

left; | right

patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia do not form what 2 parts of lymph nodes?

germinal centers, lymphoid follicle

the metanephric mesoderm (blastema) is responsible for formation of the glomerulus up to and including the ______

DCT

wound healing: | excessive matrix metalloproteinase activity and myofibroblast accumulation can result in _____

contracture

sex steroid effect at epiphyseal plate?

premature closure

conn syndrome: | ____ Na, _____ K+, metabolic _____

normal; decreased; alkalosis

corticosteroids: | increase what granulocyte count? why?

neutrophils- due to demargination

what endometrial disorder causes a uniformly enlarged uterus?

adenomyosis (endometrial glands within myometrium)

decreased activity of what enzyme causes lactic acidosis during ischemia?

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Fabry disease: what enzyme is deficient? what inheritence?

alpha galactosidase; | X-recessive

Fabry disease: | characterized by early triad of ____, ____, and ______

peripheral neuropathy, hypohidrosis, angiokeratomas late--renal failure, heart probs

equation for half life (1st order elimination)

(0.693 * Vd) / CL

symptoms of Vitamin E deficiency are due to oxidative damage to what 2 kinds of cells?

neurons, RBCs ie hemolytic anemia, posterior column/spinocerebellar demyelination

klinefelter: | _____ inhibin, ____ testosterone, _____ FSH, ____ LH

decreased, decreased, increased, increased

where does cleavage of proinsulin into insulin and C-peptide occur?

within secretory granules

anesthetics with a high tissue solubility have a _____ arteriovenous concentration gradient and _____ onsets of action

large; | slower