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Human Disease and Therapeutics > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Atelectasis

A

inadequate expansion of airspaces: aspiration, pneumothorax, pleural fibrosis

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2
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

A

progression of acute injury and damage from activated neutrophils

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3
Q

COPD congestive obstructive pulmonary disease:

A

emphysema, asthma, bronchietasis-very common
• Associated with emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma
• Main cause is cigarette smoke

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4
Q

Emphysema

A

destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of airspaces: smoking, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (imbalance of proteases and antiproteases), air pollution
-barrel chest with hyperinflation

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5
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

persistent cough > 3 months in 2 consecutive years: smoking, air pollution. Hypersecretion of mucus by airways: infection often present

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6
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

obstruction of bronchi and persistent necrotizing infections: destruction of elastin and muscles in bronchial walls-congenital expression often caused by cystic fibrosis

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7
Q

Asthma

A

reactive airway disease and narrowing of airways-hyperreactivity: hyperinflated lungs, thick mucus plugs in airways, smooth muscle hypertrophy
• Types:
Atopic- childhood onset often with allergic rhinitis
Non-atopic- non-immune, occupational exposures

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8
Q

Fibrosing lung diseases

A

e.g., associated with collagen vascular diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis-restrictive lung disease: stiff lung and hard to expand lungs

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9
Q

Occupational lung diseases

A

restrictive, e.g., mineral dust-induced, silicosis, asbestosis [mesothelioma]

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10
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

restrictive disease-abnormal connective tissue and reduced elastic properties; multi-organ involvement

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11
Q

Pulmonary embolus

A
  • Can cause sudden death if in pulmonary artery
  • Origin from deep veins in legs
  • Cause: prolonged bed rest, surgery, congestive heart failure
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12
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A
  • Causes: heart disease, recurrent thromboemboli

* Cor pulmonale- right ventricular failure

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of lung diseases?

A
  1. Restrictive: caused by fibrosis or chest wall abnormalities; gas exchange impaired; difficulty inhaling and expanding lungs
  2. Vascular: gas exchange impaired by obstruction or hemorrhage; may be abrupt or insidious
  3. Obstruction: blocked airways; gas exchange through septal walls not impaired; unable to exhale
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14
Q

Tuberculosis

A
  • caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
    1. Usually lungs but can affect other organs
    2. Flourishes in crowded, impoverished areas
    3. Non-contagious during long periods of dormancy
    4. Problems with multidrug antibiotic resistance
    5. Forms necrotizing granulomas
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15
Q

Fungal infections-

A

histoplasmosis

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16
Q

Pneumonia in immunocompromised (e.g., AIDS)

A

⎫ Can be caused by micro-organisms including from normal flora
⎫ CMV (cytomegalo virus-common infection) causes ‘owl’s eye’ histology

17
Q

Lung tumors-

A

leading cause of cancer deaths in the world in men and women

  1. 95% primary lung cancers are carcinomas (adeno and squamous cell [contains keratin] types most common)
  2. Smokers 10-55X more likely to develop than general population
18
Q

2 “relievers” of asthma?

A

albuterol is the only true reliever

salmeterol

19
Q

Inhaled corticosteroid

A

fluticasone, nose bleeds, thrush, interfere with growth

20
Q

Theophylline

A

a methylxanthine, increase CAMP, phosphodiesterase inhibitor, combined with steroids to reduce the amount of steroid needed

21
Q

ipratropium

A

reverses contraction of smooth muscle from vagal activity-usually backup for beta 2 agonists-sometimes combine antimuscrinics with beta 2 agonists, dry mouth

22
Q

montelukast

A

leukotriene modifier
prophylaxis or chronic treatment for pt who have had trouble with inhaled treatments
aspirin induced asthma
block leukotriene binding to receptor

23
Q

cromolyn

A

mast cell stabilizer
inhibits the release of histamine
prophylactic (before exercise)

24
Q

omalizumab

A

inhibits IgE binding to mast cells-very expensive, only for severe non-responsive asthma

25
Q

COPD (Congestive Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
1. Causes:

  1. Treatment:
A
  • Long smoking hx, or exposure to environmental irritants
  • Airflow limitations-due to progressive, irreversible airway remodeling
  • Not fully reversible in contrast to asthma which can be at least partially reversible
  • Longer acting bronchodilators such as tiotropium bromide (Spireva)
  • Longer acting beta 2 agonists such as salmeterol
  • Theophylline with glucocorticoids (glucocorticoids alone not very effective)
  • Typically responses not as good as with asthma
26
Q

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)-

A

prevents separation of virus particle from cell receptors, stopping viral spread—earlier treatment essential (can decrease the duration of flu 1-2 days)
-works against type A and B flus

27
Q

Antismoking medication

A
  1. Nicotine replacement—gum or patch

2. Bupropion (not buproprion) –it is an antidepressant (smoking cessation name is Zyban)

28
Q

Chronic renal disease

A

Main cause is hypertension
-aterionephrosclerosis caused by hypertension or diabetes
-hyaline thickening of arterioles
• Diabetes
• Chronic glomerulonephritis—can be acute or chronic

29
Q

Renal diseases

A 
Single or fused kidney
Renal dysplasia
Adult polycystic kidneys –genetic
•	Renal insufficiency
•	Linked to intracranial aneurysm
•	Other organs also have cysts
•	Enlarged kidneys
30
Q

Urinary obstruction

A
  • more than 3 weeks causes permanent damage
  • Get dilated ureter and hydronephrosis
  • If distal to bladder can get dilated bladder with a thickening of the bladder wall
31
Q

Hydronephrosis

A 
unable to concentrate the urine
Identify symptoms:
•	Anuria
•	Polyuria
•	Bladder distention
•	Sometimes asymptomatic
32
Q

Signs of kidney stones

A
  • Renal colic
  • Hematuria
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Sometimes asymptomatic
33
Q

What are the 4 types of kidney stones?

A

calcium/calcium oxalate
struvite
uric acid
cystine

34
Q

Pyelonephritis (10-20% kidney failure)

  1. Define
  2. Cause
  3. Consequences
  4. Can have acute or chronic (more scarring) types
A
  • Retrograde spread from cystitis
  • Common with urinary obstruction, stenosis
  • Diabetes and immunocompromised (diabetes is the most common cause)
  • Flank pain
  • Fever
  • 10-20% chronic renal failure
  • Kidney scarring
35
Q

Renal cell carcinomas

A

80-90% of renal malignancies—most frequent
Often asymptomatic (and not discovered until large)
Most likely metastasizes to lungs or bone, sometimes to regional lymph nodes

36
Q

Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)

A
  1. Most common in first 3 years of life

2. Most common congenital renal tumor

37
Q

Shistosomoiasis

A
  • infection from snails
  • leading cause of squamous cell carcinoma in bladder
  • primarily from middle east
  • shitosomoiasis eggs deposited in bladder

Human Disease and Therapeutics (4 decks)

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