Week 1 Flashcards
Neuronal cell body
Perikaryon (controls cells)
Excitatory neurotransmitter
Glutamate
Inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)
How does direct action work?
Neurotransmitter binds to and opens ion channels
Rapid response by altering membrane potential
How does indirect action work?
Binds to G protein and caused and indirect response through secondary messengers
Broader actions with longer lasting effects
What is another name for a ligand gated ion channel?
ionotropic
What is a metabotropic receptor?
Usually a G protein and have long term effects. There are membrane-delimited (all reaction occur in membrane) and Second messenger ones that require intracellular second messengers
What is an autoreceptor?
It is when there is a receptor on the never terminal that binds the neurotransmitter that is released (usually a negative feedback)
What is a heteroreceptor?
Receptor on other axon terminals through which neurotransmitters from other neuronal types can influence their function
What make the nerve terminal for acetylcholine unique?
There is not acetylcholine transporter (has to return as choline) and uses acetylcholine esterases
What do endorphins bind to?
m-opioid receptors that inhibit GABA release causing more excitation
In the autonomic nervous system, how many nerves are used?
2, a pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic
All pre-ganglionic nerves use this neurotransmitter and bind to this type of receptor?
ACh and nicotinic
Where do sympathetic nerves originate?
Thoracolumbar spine
Where do parasympathetic nerves originate?
craniosacral
What is unique about the adrenal medulla?
It is directly innervated by the pre-ganglionic nerve and causes release of NE and Epi
Where do parasympathetic pre-ganglionic nerves go?
To the ganglia that is closest to the effector organs/tissues
Motor neurons use what neurotransmitter and bind to what type of receptor?
ACh and Nicotinic
DA activates what receptors?
D1-D5 and alpha and beta adrenergic
What is a seizure?
a finite clinical manifestation of abnormal & excessive excitation of a population of cortical neurons
What is epilepsy?
syndrome characterized by chronic, recurrent seizures unprovoked by systemic or neurologic insults
3 unprovoked seizures=epilepsy
What is epileptogenesis?
sequence of events that converts a normal
neuronal network into a hyperexcitable network
Life time prevalence of seizures?
9-10% of the population
Prevalence of epilepsy?
1%
What is the biggest inherited cause of epilepsy?
Ion channel issues
What is the fastest growing cause of acquired reasons for epilepsy?
Trauma
What are common seizure precipitants?
Metabolic and/or Electrolyte Imbalance Stimulant or other pro-convulsant intoxication Sedative or ethanol withdrawal Sleep deprivation Reduction or inadequate ASD treatment Hormonal variations Stress Fever or systemic infection Concussion and/or closed head injury
Who is at most risk of getting epilepsy?
The young and the old