Midterm 2 Flashcards
What are the major causes of death?
Heart disease, malignancy, and stroke
Define hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, and atrophy
Hypertrophy-increase in the size of cells
Hyperplasia-increase in the number of cells
Metaplasia-change from one cell type to another
Dysplasia-disordered hyperplasia without maturation
Atrophy-cell shrinkage or loss
What is cachexia?
body wasting, 68% of normal body weight=death
What types of cells are more prone to injury?
high metabolism and rapidly proliferating cells
What are types of necrosis?
coagulative, liquefactive, fat, caseous, and gangrenous
What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
Apoptosis-coordinated, requires energy, no inflammation, one cell at at time
Necrosis-uncoordinated, cell clusters, results in inflammation
What are abnormal storage products?
Fat-alcohol induced fatty liver and obesity
Glycogen- diabetes liver
Brown storage-bilirubin (jaundice/icterus), hemosiderin (iron)
Protein-Amyloid
Calcification-(metastatic and dystrophic)
Lipofuscin-degraded lipids in lysosome
What is gaucher’s disease?
lysosomal accumulation of lipids
Edema
too much extravascular fluid in tissues
Effusion
Too much fluid in body cavities
Ascites-peritoneal space
Pleural effusion- lungs
Hydrocephalus-CSF
Causes of hypotension/shock
Hypovolemia
cardiogenic
septic shock
How does the body compensate for congestive heart failure?
Tachycardia
Cardiohypertrophy
Increase in stroke volume (frank starling mechanism)
Increase catecholamine activity leading to positive ionotropic effect
Redistribution of blood flow
Effects of right sided and left sided heart failure
Left sided-pulmonary hypertension, orthopnea
Right sided-cor pulmonale, hepatomegaly
