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PSL300 > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What commonalities are found between both sexes?

A
  1. Formation of gametes
  2. Hypothalamic pituitary control of reproduction
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2
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Gametes with 23 chromosomes are produced from cells in gonads with 46 chromosomes.

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3
Q

What process does gametogenesis include?

A

Meoisis

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4
Q

Mitosis

A

DNA replicated once and cells undergo division once

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5
Q

Meiosis

A

DNA replicated once and cells undergo division twice

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6
Q

Where is GnRH secreted from?

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

How is GnRH secreted?

A

In pulses from neuroendocrine cells in hypothalamus. It is regulated by hormonal feedback and higher brain centers. The pulse frequency/amplitude changes during development.

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8
Q

Where do sperm further mature after production?

A

epididymis

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8
Q

In males, what is overlapping between the reproductive system and urinary system?

A

Urethra

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9
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

Testis

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10
Q

Two types of cells in testis

A

Sertoli and Leydig cells

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11
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Also called sustentacular cells. They support sperm development.

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12
Q

Leydig cells

A

Also called interstitial cells. they secrete testosterone.

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12
Q

What cells create tight junctions?

A

Sertoli cells; they are responsible for blood-testis barrier.

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12
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  1. Following mitosis, one spermatogonium stays to produce more.
  2. The other cell begins to undergo meiosis forming spermatocytes.
  3. Four speramtids produced from 1 starting cell.
  4. Spermatids mature into spermatozoa.
  5. Lose cytoplasm and gain a tail.
  6. 4 and 5 called spermiogenesis.
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13
Q

Where is the acrosome derived from?

A

Golgi apparatus

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14
Q

What does the acrosome contain?

A

Hyaluronidase and acrosin

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15
Q

What do hyaluronidase and acrosin do?

A

Breakdown the zona pellucida, a glycoprotein coat that covers the oocyte.

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16
Q

Parts of spermatozoa

A

Head (contains acrosome, nucleus and centrioles), Mid pice (Mitochondrial spiral), Tail - also called flagellum (Microtubules)

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17
Q

What are the secretions of accesory glands in sperm?

A

Water, Mucuos, buffer (to neutralize urine), Nutrients, Enzymes, Zinc, Prostoglandins(Smooth muscle contration)

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17
Q

What is in semen

A

Spermatozoa (1%) and secretions of accesory glands

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18
Q

What nutrients are present in semen?

A

Fructose, Citric acid, Vitamin C, Carnitine

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19
Q

Exocrine glands in male reproductive system

A

Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland and bulbourethral gland

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20
Q

Role of FSH in male reproductive system

A
  1. FSH stimulates sertoli cells
  2. LH stimulates Leydig cells
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21
Q

What happens after FSH stimulates Sertoli cells?

A
  1. Sepport sperm development
  2. Secrete inhibin (inhibits FSH release)
  3. Secrete androgen binding proteins (helps to concentrate androgens in testis)
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22
Q

What happens after LH stimulates leydig cells?

A

Secretes testosterone in reponse to LH

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23
Q

Testosterone secretion through life

A

fetal - moderate levels
between - 0
neo-natal- moderate levels
pre-pubertal-0
pubertal-rising
between pubertal and adult - high (peaks)
a=between adult and senescence - lowers

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24
Q

Sertoli cell levels - comparison between childhood and puberty

A

childhood - majority of testicular volume sertoli cells
puberty - majority germ cells

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25
Q

Hypogonadism

A
  1. decreased functional activity of testes
  2. decreased production of androgens, inhibin B, AMH and/or impaired sperm production
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26
Q

Primary hypogondism

A

high GnRH, High LH and FSH, problem with testis - low testosterone

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27
Q

Secondary hypogonadism

A

problem with hypothalamus - low GnRH, low LH and FSH, low testosterone

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28
Q

Testosterone function - sex specific tissues

A
  1. promtoes spermatogenesis
  2. Maintains and stiulates secretion from prostate and seminal vesicles
  3. Maintains reproductive tract
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29
Q

Testosterone function - other reproductive functions

A
  1. increase sex drive
  2. negative feedback effects on gnRH, LH (and FSH) secretion
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30
Q

Testosterone function - secondary sex charecteristics

A
  1. Male pattern of hair growth (including baldness)
  2. promotes muscle growth
  3. increases sebaceous gland secretion
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31
Q

Testosterone function - non reproductive effects

A
  1. protein synthesis
  2. increases agression
  3. stimulates erythripoiesis
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32
Q

What can be used to treat benign prostate enlargement and male pattern baldness?

A

inhibitors of 5 alpha-reductase (Finasteride)

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33
Q

How are oocytes produced?

A

Oogenesis

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34
Q

What happens before birth in oogenesis?

A

before birth, the oogonia will enter meiosis 1 - duplicate their DNA and STOP - at birth they have primary oocytes

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35
Q

What happens after puberty in oogenesis?

A

After puberty, one primary oocyte completes meiosis I and enters meiosis II to become a secondary oocyte every ~28 days.

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36
Q

When is the secondary oocyte released?

A

Ovulation

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37
Q

Difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis

A
  1. Assymetric cell division - only one secondary oocyte produced from each oogonium
  2. Limited duration (no oocyte production after menopause)
  3. Limited number of primary oocytes
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37
Q

What does maturation cycle do with follicles?

A

Maturation cycle recruit 5-10 follicles in eahc ovary, only one will fully mature. remaining oocytes undergo atresia

37
Q

When does secondary oocyte complete meiosis II?

A

Completes meiosis II only if it is fertilized (stops in metaphase II)

38
Q

atresia

A

hormonally regulated cell death

38
Q

What happens to polar bodies

A

they disintegrate; they do not have enough cytoplasm

38
Q

What surrounds oocyte in stasis until puberty

A

primary follicles

39
Q

Main types of cells in the follicle

A

Granulosa and theca cells

39
Q

What are granulosa cells’ roles?

A

Support oocyte development

40
Q

Follicular phase of ovarian cycle

A
  1. Small number of primordial follicles develop.
  2. They become a primary follicle with theca and granulosa cells. Thecal cells synthesize androgens which are converted to estrogens in granulosa cells.
  3. Some follicles develop into secondary follicles.
  4. An antrum filled fluid cavity forms. Fluid contains hormones and enzymes. Structure now called a tertiary follicle.
  5. Dominant (graafian) follicle develops.
  6. graafian follicle ruptures, oocyte released into fimbria, and ovulation occurs.
40
Q

What are theca cells’ roles?

A

Secrete steroid hormone precursors

41
Q

What are the two main components of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovariana and uterine cycles

42
Q

What do androgens released by thecal cells convert to? Where do they convert?

A

Androgens released by thecal cells are converted to estrogens in granulosa cells.

43
Q

What do follicular cells release during an LH surge?

A

Collagenase (connective tissue digested)
Progesterone (smooth muscle contraction)

44
Q

What is taken up by fingers of fimbria?

A

Oocyte and surrounding cumulus cells expelled into abdomen

45
Q

Luteal phase of ovarian cycle

A
  1. Follicular cells left behind become corpus luteum.
  2. Corpus luteum releases estrogen and progesterone.
  3. if fertilization doe snot occur, corpus luteum degernates, the scar tissue remaining is called corpus albicans.
  4. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum continues to make progesterone and estrogen until the end of the first trimester.
46
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Follicular cells left behing in ovary become crps luteum

47
Q

What does corpus luteum release

A

Estrogen and progesterone

48
Q

Corpus albicans

A

After corpus luteum degenerates, the scar tissue remaining is called corpus albicans. it is fibroblast connective tissue.

49
Q

3 parts of uterine cycle

A

menses, proliferative phase,, secretory phase

50
Q

Menses

A

Blood vessels supplying the endometrium undergo constriction causes shedding of the endometrial lining because of declining levels of progesterone and estrogen.

51
Q

Proliferative phase

A

Endometrium develops in response to estrogen, the endometrial lining thickens as the blood supply to the tissue is re-established and cells proliferate.

52
Q

Secretory phase

A

Glands in endometrium secrete more viscous fluid. Endometrial cells deposit lipid and glycogen in the cytoplasm under the influence of progesterone and estrogen.

53
Q

What phase occurs because of corpus luteum?

A

Luteal phase

54
Q

Ovarian cycle and uterine cycle overlap

A

Follicular phase - menstrual and proliferative phase
luteal phase - secretory phase

55
Q

Early to mid follicular phase

A
  1. LH stimulates the release of androgens from theca cells.
  2. FSH stimulates conversion to estrogen by granulosa cells.
    3 Granulosa cells also secrete AMH which prevents recruitment of additional follicles.
  3. Estrogens exert positive feedback on granulosa cells, increasing proliferation, increasing estrogen.
  4. Estrogens exert negative feedback at pituitary and hypothalamus.
  5. Shuts down FSH and Lh
56
Q

Late follicular phase and ovulation

A
  1. tertiary follicle present,
  2. Follicular cells secrete inhibin, progesterone and estrogen (inhibin inhibits FSH)
  3. Progesterone increases pituartary sensitivity to GnRH
  4. High estrogens increase frequency of GnRH pulses to one every 65 mins (+ve feedback)
  5. Causes Lh surge - trigger completion of meoisis 1 and ovulation
57
Q

Early to mid luteal phase

A
  1. Corpus luteum under the influence of LH and FSH releases progesterone, inhibin and estrogen
  2. these hormones exert negative feedback at hypothalamus and pituitary
  3. progesterone and estrogen inhibit GnRH pulses
57
Q

Late luteal phase

A
  1. intrinsic life span of corpus luteum is 12 days
  2. if fertilizaton does not take okace, corpus luteum undergoes apoptosis
  3. progesterone and estrogen levels fall
  4. reduced negative feedback at hypothalamus and pituitary returns GnRH pulss to one every 1.5 hour.
  5. Causes LH and FSH release.
58
Q

Action of estrogens - sex specific tissues

A
  1. promotes follicular development and ovulation
  2. Stimulates growth of endometrium
  3. Maintains reproductive tract
59
Q

Actions of estrogen - other reproductive effects

A

Negative feedbakc on GnRH, LH (and FSH) secretion

60
Q

Actions of estrogen - secondary sex characteristics

A
  1. stimulates development and growth of breast tissue
  2. increases sebaceous gland secretion
61
Q
A
62
Q

Action of estrogen - non reproductive effecst

A

promotes fat deposition around hips and thighs

63
Q
A
64
Q

function of adrenal androgens in adult femailes

A

increses sex drive and pubic and axillary hair growth

64
Q

What is the average age-related fertility decline at age 33?

A

About 25% less chance of successful pregnancy per cycle.

65
Q

What decreases with age regarding oocytes and follicles?

A

viability and genetic quality of oocytes.Number of follicles

65
Q

Menopause

A

end of the female reproductive cyle

66
Q

What happens in menopause

A
  1. ovaries lose their ability to respond to FSH and LH
  2. Estradiol and progesterone levels fall
  3. Lack of negative feedback causes FSh and LH to rise.
67
Q

What do sperm undergo in order to become hyperactive

A

capacitation

68
Q

what binds to sperm

A

albumin, enzymes and lipoprotein

69
Q

what happens when albumin, enzymes and lipoprotein bind to sperm

A
  1. glycoprotein coat removed
  2. intracellular changes
  3. develop strong whip like motion
70
Q

how do sperm reach oocyte

A

chemotaxis (progesterone from cumulus cells)

70
Q

What contraction aid sperm transport

A

uterine and oviduct contractions

71
Q

Fertilization

A
  1. Sperm docks with sperm binding proteins on oocyte membrane.
    2, trigger depolarization of oocyte.
  2. fusion of cortical granules 9oocyte intracellular vesicles) with router membrane
  3. coat fertilized oocyte and prevent penetration by additional sperm ( prevents polyspermy)
71
Q

How do sperm tunnel through barriers a

A

acrosomal enzymes

72
Q

Hormone secreted from trophoblast

A

Homun Chorionic gonadotropin

72
Q

What happens after fertilization

A
  1. Cell division takes place
  2. blastocyst (contains trophoblast) reaches uterus and implants
72
Q

What does human chorionic gonadotropin do

A

takes over from pituitary to maintain corpus luteum and prevent next menstrual cycle. similar in structure to Lh and basis of pregnancy tests.

73
Q

Placenta

A

performs role of digestive, repiratory and renal systems for the fetus

73
Q

what keeps endometrium intact

A

progesterone

73
Q

what mainatins copus luteum

A

human chorionic gonadotropic hormone

74
Q

what does placenta aid in exchange of

A

nutrients/was6e, oxygen/carbon dioxide, proteins, chemicals, etc

75
Q

How do fetal corionic villi transfer gases and solute between mother and fetus

A

maternal vasculature not physically linked to fetal vasculature
Maternal blood forms a lacunae

76
Q

temporary endocrine gland

A

palcenta

77
Q

human placental lactogen

A

human chorionic somatomammotropin

trend similar to estrogena nd progesterone in preganancy

78
Q

Secretion of progesterone. by placenta

A

Cholestrol from mother’s blood gets converted to progesterone in placenta and released from there

79
Q

secretion of estrogen by placenta

A

cholestrol from mother’s blood travels trhough placenta then fetal blood then fetal adrenal cortex, gets converted to DHEA there, reaches placenta, gets converted to estrogen and it is released.

80
Q

function of human placental lactogen

A
  1. structually related to growth hormone and prolactin
  2. high in mother, low in fetis
  3. decreases maternal cellular uptake of glucose. ehances maternal lipolysis
80
Q

Maternal adaptations to pregnancy

A
  1. renal: increased vasopressin levels increase blood volume; increased activity RAS sodium and fluid retention
  2. cardiovascular: increased output
  3. immune system: partially suppressed
    4: calcium homeostasis: preganacy associated with hyperparathyroidism, calcium transfer ti fetus, increases calcitonin to limit mobilization of maternal bone
81
Q

labour trigger s

A

↑ Estrogen & oxytocin receptors in
uterus increase
↑ Fetal cortisol
↑ Placental corticotropin-releasing
hormone (CRH)
↑ Prostaglandins

81
Q

How is labour triggered?

A

Before parturition, relaxin released from ovary and placenta
loosens the ligaments in the pelvic bone and cause the cervix to
soften

81
Q

Hormones necessary for breast milk - before parturation

A

Estrogens and
progesterone needed for
the development of
mammary glands but
inhibit milk production

82
Q

Hormones necessary for breast milk - after parturation

A

prolatin - epithelial milk prodcuing cells
oxytocin- myoepthelial cells

PSL300 (9 decks)

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