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PSL300 > Week 13 - ANS > Flashcards

Week 13 - ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What does ANS control

A

Internal organs, blood flow, smooth muscles of the eye, vescera, etc

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2
Q

2 subsystems of the ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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3
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

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4
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

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5
Q

What does ANS work with

A

Works with endocrine and behavioural state sytems to maintain homeostasis

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6
Q

What all does ANS deal with

A

more than just fight or flight emergencies
exercise, emotion, effect if gravity, eating, etc

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7
Q

what can ANS be divided into

A

preganglionic and post ganglionis components

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8
Q

where are preganglionic neuron cell bodies located

A

CNA, either in brainstem or spincal cord

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9
Q

where do preganglionic axons project

A

ganglia (postganglionic neurons) located between the CNS and the target tissue

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10
Q

where do post ganglionic neurons project

A

target tissue

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11
Q

what do the general features of ANS help with

A

allows for divergence

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12
Q

what do both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons release

A

Ach onto nicotinic receptors

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13
Q

what do most postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete

A

Norepinephrine on adrnergic receptors

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14
Q

what do most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons secrete

A

Acetylcholine onto muscarinic receptors

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15
Q

where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate

A

thoracolumbar spinal cord

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16
Q

how are sympathetic ganglia linked together

A

sympathetic chain

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17
Q

which sympathetic neurons are short and which are long

A

short preganglionic neurons to sympathetic chain
long post ganglionic neurons from chain to effector organs

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18
Q

where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate from

A

brainstem or sacral spinal cord

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19
Q

which parasympathetic neurons are short and which are long

A

long preganglionic neurons to ganglia near effector organ
short post ganglionic neurons from ganglia to effector oragsn

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20
Q

where do preganglionic sympathetic efferents come from

A

intermedio-lateral horn of thoracic cord
they synapse in chain of ganglia parallel to cord

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21
Q

what is the transmitter for symapthetic preganaglionic efferents

A

acetylcholine

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22
Q

what is postganglionic sypathetic efferents project to and what is their transmitter. exception???

A

postganglionic sympathetic efferent project to taget tissue, the transmitter is noradrenaline
exception: ACh is tramsitter at skin sweat glands

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23
Q

8 sympathetic activities

A
  1. fight or flight response
  2. prepare for emergency, stress, exercise
  3. increase heart rate, blood pressure
  4. mobilize energy stores
  5. pupillary dilation
  6. diffuse effect due to its widespread and interconnected innervations
  7. decreased gastrointestinal and urinal function
  8. releases epinephrine/adrenaline
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24
Q

adrenal medulla

A

specialized neuroendocrine tissue acting with the sympathetic nervous system
sometimes described as modified sympathetic ganglion

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25
Q

how is epinephrine released from adrenal medulla

A

preganglionic sympathetic neuron synapses onto chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla and epinephrine is released

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26
Q

where do parasympathetic efferents originate

A

originate in several cranial motor nuclei (III, VII, IX, X) and intermediolateral part of sacral cord

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27
Q

what do parasympathetic efferents project to

A

ganglia embedded in target organ eg. sacral node of heart, enteric nervous system of gut

28
Q

what is the transmitter of parasympathetic efferents ? exception?

A

Acetylcholine
exception is NO (penile erection)

29
Q

parasympathetic activities

A
  1. quiet, relaxed states
  2. active in rest and digest
  3. increase gastrointestinal activities
  4. decrease heart rate and blood pressure
30
Q

duel innervation

A

tonic acitivty at rest, both branches active , both systems complementary rather than antagonistic

31
Q

what dominated in duel innervations

A

parasympathetic nervous system

32
Q

targets of autonomic neurons

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

33
Q

neuroeffector junction

A

the synpase between the post ganglionic automic neurons with its target cells

34
Q

varicosities

A

axon swelling, contains vesicles filed with neurotransmitters

35
Q

what metaboluzes norepinephrine

A

monoamine oxidase

36
Q

how is exocytosis at synpatic besicles triggered

A

Ap arrives at varicosity. depolarisation open the voltage gated Ca2+ channels, its entry triggers exocytosis of synpatic vesicles

37
Q

what happens after synaptic vesicle exocytosis is triggered

A

Norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptor on target. Receptor activation ceases when NE diffuses away from the synapse. NE is removed from the synapse, it cna be taken back into synaptic vesicles for re-release.

38
Q

whats used to produce functional reflexes

A

autonomic efferent networks

39
Q

autonomic reflex - feedback loop

A

good examples of negative feedback loops
overall goal is to maintain homeostatsis

40
Q

where is pupillary light relfex organized

A

pretectal area of midbrian

41
Q

what does pupillary light reflex use

A

On and OFF afferents to luminance and darkness detectors

42
Q

what happens when its too bright

A

parasympathetic reflec via cranial nerve 3 to ciliary ganglion and circular iris muscles

43
Q

what happens when its too dakr

A

sympathetic reflex via thoracic cors, sympathetic chain to radial muscles

44
Q

what can fool the eye

A

brightness illusion
pupils rapidly contrict when glancing at a brighter image and then rapidly readjust to true light intensity

45
Q

where does barorelflex happen

A

cardiovascular centre
ventrolaterla medulla, beside respiratory centre

46
Q

what does the baroreflex include

A

NTS- nucleus of the solitary traact

47
Q

what revieves information from baroreceptors and where does it send informations

A

NTS recieves information from baroreceptors and sends informations to ventrolateral medulla

48
Q

when does blood pressure drop

A

claudal half inhibits rostral half

49
Q

when does blood pressure and heart rate increase

A

when rostral half excited sypathetic efferents

50
Q

what is the major influence for muscle sympathetic effects

A

noradrenergic vasoconstrictiion, tonically active to maintain. blood pressure.

51
Q

what parts of autonomic control centre are fed by sensory information

A

hypothalamuc, pons and medulla

52
Q

what does brainstem contain

A

control centers: cardiovascular center, and repiratory pattern generator in lateral medulla/pons
It receives sesory input and relays output to muscles, glands, etc

53
Q

PAG - Periaqueductal Gray

A

midbrain premotor centre for automic behaviour programs

54
Q

where is peraqueductal gray found

A

midbrain
heavy interaciton w hypothalamus

55
Q

what does PAG act through

A

reticular formation and hypothalamuc

55
Q

how does reticular activating system result in a global shift in CNS acitivty (metabotropic mech)

A

via diffuse modulatory system

56
Q

how is PAG organized

A

longitudinal columns according to behaviour pattern
eg. fight rage column projects to cardiovascular centre in medulla, and raphe which releases serotonin in the spinal cord>depolarizes all motor neurons, inhibits transmissions in dorsal horn

57
Q

modulatory systems

A

cholinergenic, serotonergic, adrenergic, dopaminergic, histaminergic

58
Q

cholinergic

A

determines level of attention, sleep-wake cycle, arousal, learning, memory through thalamuc, mainly ascending

59
Q

serotonergic

A

lower nuclei: pain, locomotion
upper nuclei: sleep-wake cycle, mood and meotional behaiours (agression and depression)

60
Q

noradrenergic

A

attention, arousal, leanring, memory, anxiety, pin, mood

60
Q

where do serotonergic neurons originate

A

raphe nuclei along brainstem midline

61
Q

dopaminergic

A

reward centre

62
Q

where do noadrenergic nerons originate

A

locus coreoulus of pons

63
Q

where dopaminergic neurons originate

A
  1. substantia nigra in midbrain
  2. ventral tegmentum in midbrain
64
Q

histaminergic

A

sleep wake control, support waking state

65
Q

where do histaminergic neurons originate and project

A

originate in posterior thalamus
project throughout forebrain and others

PSL300 (19 decks)

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