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Biology > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Skeletal Systems (3 Types)

A
  1. Hydrostatic Skeletons
  2. Exoskeletons
  3. Endoskeletons
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2
Q

What is Compact Bone?

A

The outer dense layer.
Mix of phosphate and collagen

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3
Q

What is Spongey/Medullary Bone?

A

Forms epiphyses inside thick shell of bone
Porus

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4
Q

What is Intramembranous Development?

A

Bones forming within a layer of connective tissue

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5
Q

What is endochondral development?

A

Begins as a tiny cartilaginous model.

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6
Q

The Four Basic Joint Movement Patterns

A
  1. Ball and Socket
  2. Hinge
  3. Gliding
  4. Combination
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7
Q

Muscle fibers are bundles of…

A

elongated structures called myofibrils

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8
Q

Myofilaments

A

A Bands - stacked thick and thin
I Bands - Only thin, in two halves because of Z line
Sarcomere - Distance between Z lines

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9
Q

Thick and Thin Filaments

A

Thick - Several myosin (two polypeptide chains wrapped around each other).
Thin - Two chains of actin proteins in a helix

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10
Q

Cross-Bridge Cycle

A

Hydrolysis of ATP by myosin activates head for power stroke
ADP and Pi are bound to head, which binds to actin to form a cross-bridge
During power stroke, myosin returns to normal shape, realsing ADP and Pi
ATP binds to head and releases actin

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11
Q

Motor Unit

A

Motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates

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12
Q

Slow-twitch muscle fibers

A

Type I Fibers

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13
Q

Fast-twitch muscle fibers

A

Type II Fibers

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14
Q

Appendicular Locomotion

A

Produced by appendages that oscillate

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15
Q

Axial Locomotion

A

Produced by bodies that undulate, pulse, or undergo peristaltic waves

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16
Q

(Three) Functions of circulating blood

A
  1. Transportation
  2. Regulations
  3. Protection
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16
Q

Blood plasma is

A

92% water
Carriers Ions, Nutrients, Wastes, Hormones, and Proteins

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17
Q

Red Blood Cells are

A

Erythrocytes

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17
Q

White Blood Cells are

A

Leukocytes

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18
Q

Blood cell production is called

A

Hematopiesis

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19
Q

Stem cells, two

A

Lymphocytes

Myeloid Stem Cell

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20
Q

Fish hearts have ___ chambers

A

2

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21
Q

Amphibians and Reptilians have ___ chambers

A

3

22
Q

Mammals, birds, and crocodilians have ____ heart chambers

A

4

23
Q

Heart valve pairs

A

Atrioventricular
Semilunar

24
Q

Purkinje fibers in

A

the AV node

25
Q

Cardiac Output

A

The amount of the blood pumped with every heartbeat

26
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex

A

Negative feedback loop that responds to blood pressure

27
Q

Blood Pressure Regulating Hormones

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic hormone
Nitric oxide

28
Q

Artery and Vein tissue layers (four)

A

Endothelium, Elastic Fibers, Smooth Muscle, and Connective Tissue

29
Q

Gastrovacular Cavity

A

Where single celled organism digest food

30
Q

Muscosa

A

Innermost gastrointestinal

31
Q

Submuscosa

A

Connective tissue in gastro

32
Q

Muscularis

A

Circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers

33
Q

Serosa

A

Outermost layer in gastro

34
Q

Epithelial

A

Part of digestive, covered in villi

35
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

glucagon stimulates liver to break down glycogen to release glucose into blood

36
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

liver converts other molecules into glucose if fasting continues

37
Q

Ingestion of food serves two primary functions

A

Source of energy
Source of raw material

38
Q

Basal metabolic rate (B M R)

A

Minimal amount of energy consumed under defined resting conditions

39
Q

Ruminants have a

A

four-chambered stomach

40
Q

Foregut fermentation

A

Convergent evolution
Modified lysozyme to take on new role of digesting bacteria in stomach
Same 5 amino acids changed

41
Q

Coprophagy

A

Eating of feces, like a rabbit

42
Q

The three phases of respiration

A

External respiration (ventilation) - gas exchange between the animal and the environment
Internal respiration - the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
Cellular respiration

43
Q

immobile opercula

A

Swim constantly to force water over gills.

44
Q

Swim constantly to force water over gills.

A

Swim constantly to force water over gills.

45
Q

Many amphibians use ______ for gas exchange

A

cutaneous respiration

46
Q

In terrestrial arthropods, the respiratory system consists of

A

air ducts called trachea, which branch into very small tracheoles

47
Q

760 mm Hg is defined

A

as one atmosphere (1.0 atm) of pressure

48
Q

Respiration in birds occurs in two cycles

A

Cycle 1 = Inhaled air is drawn from the trachea into posterior air sacs, and exhaled into the lungs
Cycle 2 = Air is drawn from the lungs into anterior air sacs, and exhaled through the trachea

49
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air moving in and out of lungs in a person at rest

50
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a forceful inspiration

51
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Insufficient breathing
Blood has abnormally high Pco2

52
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Excessive breathing
Blood has abnormally low Pco2

53
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (C O P D)

A

Refers to any disorder that obstructs airflow on a long-term basis
Asthma
Allergen triggers the release of histamine, causing intense constriction of the bronchi and sometimes suffocation

Biology (18 decks)

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