Week 6

Question 1

Phrasal verb

Answer 1

A phrasal verb consists of a verb + a participle. He called up the boss.

But also; call off, look up, put down, hand down, hand over.

Question 2

Can perfect (completed) and progressive (ongoing) be used simultaneously?

Answer 2

Yes.

1. Tom had been working for hours.
2. Tom has been working for hours.
3. Tom will have been working for hours.

Question 3

Modals in subject-verb agreement

Answer 3

Modals are always inflected for tense, but they don’t show agreement with the subject.

Question 4

Tense

Answer 4

Refers to morphological marking (inflection) relating to time on verbs. English verbs only show morphological marking for present and past time.

Present: she goes, is, sits, hits, will.
Past: she went, was, sat, hit, would.

Question 5

How to make reference to future time

Answer 5

1. Modal will (the bus will leave at midnight)
2. Present, progressive (the bus leaves / is leaving at midnight)

Question 6

Modals and tense

Answer 6

Modals are always marked for either present or past tense.

Present: can, will, shall, may, must
Past: could, would, should, might, had to

They do also not have non-finite forms! (‘She expects [to may win]’ should be ‘She expects to probably win’).

Question 7

Why stacking instead of flat structure: do-so substitution

Answer 7

Do so replaces VPs in English. If the tree is correct, then the second VP can be substituted by do so.

Sue will laugh, and John will do so, too.

Question 8

Bare finite (non-finite)

Answer 8

Required by modal will. Be, eat, run, kiss

Question 9

Finite vs. non-finite

Answer 9

Primary auxiliaries (modals!) and lexical verbs can either be tensed (finite) or not (non-finite).

Question 10

Modals

Answer 10

1. Always tensed (finite!)
2. Never show subject-verb agreement
3. Because they are always tensed, they always come first in any sequence of verbs.
4. There can only be one modal verb in a sequence.
5. The verb that follows a modal always appears in its basic form.
6. Can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must.

Question 11

Have

Answer 11

1. Has a lexical and auxiliary form
2. ‘A perfect auxiliary’
3. Perfect have is always followed by another verb
4. ‘Have’ provides a way of referring to past time
5. The verb that follows the perfect ‘have’ always appears in its non-finite form

Question 12

Clitics

Answer 12

Morphemes that have characteristics of a word but are phonologically dependent on another word. They cannot stand alone.

Clitics can be prolitics (attached to beginning of a word) or enclitics (to the end of a word).
• In “I’m”, m is an enclitic.

Question 13

Free and bound morphemes

Answer 13

Free morphemes can stand alone as words and do not need to be attached to other morphemes (run, book).

Bound morphemes cannot stand alone as words and must be attached to other morphemes (-un in undo, -ing in running).

Question 14

Root node

Answer 14

In a syntactic tree, the root node is the topmost node that represents the entire structure. It is the highest level and the other nodes descend from it.

In the tree for “the cat sat on the mat”, the root node would present the entire sentence (s).

Question 15

Terminal node

Answer 15

In a syntactic tree, terminal nodes are the nodes that do not have children. They represent the actual words or morphemes in the sentence.

In the tree for “the cat sat on the mat” are all terminal nodes in the end.

Question 16

Fronting

Answer 16

Moving an element to the front of the sentence for focus/emphasis.

Question 17

Derivation

Answer 17

Morphological process that creates a new word by adding prefixes, suffixes or other morphemes to a base word or root. This can change the grammatical category or meaning.

Adding -ness to ‘happy’ to form ‘happiness’.