Week 3 Flashcards
Major syntactic categories
Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.
Minor syntactic categories
Prepositions, conjunctions, determiners.
Inflection forms of verbs
- Present 3sg
- Past
- Perfect and passive participle
- Progressive participle
- Basic form
Derivational affixes:
-ise
-ify
un-
Inflectional forms nouns
Singular and plural
Derivational affixes:
-ness
-ity
-ment
-al
-ee
Inflectional forms adjectives
- Positive
- Comparative
- Superlative
Derivational affixes:
-y
un-
Derivational affixes for adverbs
-ly
Proper nouns
Proper nouns do not usually pluralise, they are not modified and they do occur with the.
• Max, Paris, Leiden
The Netherlands, the Paris that I love.
What are common nouns and how can they be further divided?
Sand, ship, water, friend.
Count nouns refer to countable things (ship, friend, tree).
Mass nouns refer to substances and uncountable things (sand, water, beef).
Count vs. mass nouns: distribution
Count nouns
1. Occurs with article (a friend)
2. Takes singular/plural (friends)
3. Combines with numerals (two friends)
4. Combines with many (many friends)
Mass nouns
1. Doesn’t occur with article (a sand)
2. Doesn’t take singular/plural (sands)
3. Doesn’t combine with numerals (two sands)
4. Combines with much (much sand)
Some nouns can function as both mass and count:
I’d like two waters please.
Pluralia tantum nouns
Nouns which are morphologically already plural;
1. Pants
2. Scissors
3. Glasses
Personal pronouns
I, me, her, you
Reflexive pronouns
Myself, herself, yourself
Reciprocal pronouns
Each other, one another
Indefinite pronouns
Something, nobody, anything
Demonstrative pronouns
This, that, these, those
Interrogative pronouns
Who, what, which
Relative pronouns
That, who, which, when
Possessive pronouns
Mine, yours, his, ours
My, your, his, our
Which pronouns can also behave as determiners?
Demonstrative and interrogative pronouns
1. Your bottle
2. Which book
3. What book
4. This bottle
What’s followed by a preposition?
Noun phrases
1. Beside a stream
2. On a chair
3. With his children
4. At the festival
Conjunctions
Coordinating: fanboys; for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Subordinating: although, because
Noun phrase
Noun phrases are constituents centred on a noun. The noun is the head of the NP.
• His incredibly annoying children were curious about me.
Modifiers
These can be freely added to phrases and always optional.
His incredibly annoying children were curious about me.
Complement
His children devoured the pizza in no time.
Many people believe in an almighty God.
