Week 6 Flashcards
Prevention Strategies Pyramid
Primary prevention ($): health promotion, advisory and counseling services and educational programmes to drive lifestyle changes for prevention of chronic diseases - proactive measures
Secondary prevention ($$): health assessment and screening to facilitate early identification of chronic diseases (proactive measures)
Tertiary prevention ($$$): Management of chronic diseases and rehabilitation support services to slow down the progression of diseases - measures after having disease
Explain the relationship between health promotion and disease prevention vs. contemporary medicine
Inverse (negative) relationship
- increase in health promotion and disease prevention = decrease in contemporary medicine
- decrease in health promotion and disease prevention = increase in contemporary medicine
Explain the relationship between disease onset and cost
Positive relationship
- as disease onset increases, so does cost
- independent variable is onset of disease
Classification of Prevention Strategies
- Primordial: inhibiting the risk factors before they exist
- done through policies, societal prevention - Primary: modifying risk factors that already exist
- unavoidable, but trying to mitigate eg. avoiding proximity with people who smoke - Secondary: Identifying diseases at early stages
- Tertiary: managing existing diseases
- Quaternary: Prevention of overmedicalization and reliance on medical system
- Quinary: preventing the spread and consumption of health misinformation,
- most prevalent now due to internet, can cover the rest of the stages
How do social roles differ between men and women? ( in regards to having children, marrying etc…)
Women: Often experience social pressure to get married earlier due to reproductive timeline, having a career before having children to be eligible for maternity leave, may need to retire later because often live longer
Men: a lot more lenient with roles
Activity Theory
- Posits that an older person’s self-concept is validated through participation in roles characteristic of middle age
- Elders who are active are more satisfied and better adjusted than those who are not active
- Defines aging as a social program
- Consistent with the value placed by our society on paid work, individual responsibility and productivity
- Limitation: does not take into account of how personality, social class, gender, race and lifestyle may be more salient than age in whether activity is associated with life satisfaction, health and wellbeing
Disengagement theory
- Older people become less active with the outer world and increasingly preoccupied with their inner lives, thereby shifting an orderly transfer of power from older to younger people
- Social system deals with the problem of aging, or “slowing down”, by institutionalizing mechanisms of disengagement or separation from society (ex. retirement)
- Disengagement is inevitable and adaptive
T/F: Older adults are lonely and isolated from family and friends
False. Even older adults who may appear socially isolated generally have some informal networks.
Which one is more important: Practical support of relationships or a person’s assessment of the adequacy and availability of social exchanges?
A person’s assessment of the adequacy and availability of social exchanges and the anticipation of support may be more important than the number and frequency of informal interactions.
What is the role of self-efficacy and social supports?
Self-efficacy may increase the likelihood that social supports will benefit older adults’ physical and emotional wellbeing
How do social supports change as we age?
- Changes in the composition of their networks (eg. less contact with couples or younger people)
-Roles may change (eg. turning to a grandchild for help with yard work or transportation) - Tries to maintain reciprocal exchanges
- Some elders may expand and diversify their networks by helping others through clubs, religious institutions or volunteering
- Majority of older adults do not live alone, however, the proportion of living alone increases with advanced age
Why might there be an increase of loneliness in older adults throughout the years?
Recession along with increased rates of divorce and separation
chronic loneliness => may precipitate or worsen chronic health conditions
How is loneliness a risk factor for death?
- Associated with the same outcomes as smoking and alcohol consumption
- may exceed other risk factors such as inactivity and obesity
Key points between gender and social relationships
- Women outlive men and are more likely to be widowed, divorced and living alone
- As a whole, they have stronger friendship networks, which is seen across different racial groups, cultures and SES
Which type of older parent is most likely to live with a child?
Widowed women
