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2211 - Counselling Neuroscience > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Psychodynamic

A
  • The mind, emotions and spirit
  • The Self is an active experience
  • Never static people are always changing
  • Psychodynamic therapy explores relationship between different parts of self
  • Sometimes different parts are in conflict
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2
Q

Object Relations Theory

A
  • Melanie Klein
  • Before Attachment Theory
  • Winnicott & Bowlby followed her teachings
  • First to recognise the importance of earliest childhood experiences
  • How this informs adult emotions
  • Neuroscience now supports the impact of early attachments
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3
Q

Secure Attachments

A
  • Healthy interpersonal connections help prevent negative effects of stress
  • Particularly with mother/child dyad
  • But can be within other relationships
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4
Q

Secure Attachment and Memory

A

Securely Attached children have detailed memories

Have Balanced perspective with cohesive narrative

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5
Q

Avoidant Attachment and Memory

A
  • Do not appear upset by separation
  • Do not seek close proximity to mother
  • Appear dismissive toward early relationships
  • Have gaps in information about their childhood
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6
Q

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment and Memory

A
  • Do not seek close proximity to mother
  • Do not respond well to other attachments when comforted
  • Seem preoccupied and pressured
  • Have difficulty keeping other peoples perspective
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7
Q

Disorganised Attachment

A
  • Characterised by chaotic, self injuring behaviours
  • Parents report history of trauma and unresolved loss
  • Display disoriented and conflictual behaviour
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8
Q

Counsellors Role in Attachment

A
  • Early attachments affect later attachments
  • This can then affect the children of that relationship - Intergenerational Trauma
  • Therapist uses clinical skills to intervene in negative patterns
  • Try to disrupt the self-defeating attachment patterns
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9
Q

Dopamine System

A

Incentive, Motivation and Reward

Motivation plays a key role in attachment processes

Tightly linked to Dopamine Projection and Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

Dopaminergice cells in VTS respond rapidly to conditioning

Especially if there is a reward involved

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10
Q

Hypothalamus & Social Soothing

A
  • One of the key brain regions for regulation and social soothing
  • Calms the neural threat response
  • Includes interactions with attachment figures
  • Maternal Pair-Bonding associated with oxytocin, vasopressin
  • Hypothalamus makes these neuropeptides in abundance
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11
Q

Prefrontal Cortex & Emotion Regulation

A
  • PFC involved in emotion regulation
  • Primary job is to appraise emotional content of stimuli
  • Decides behaviour of approach or avoid in goals
  • Is autonomic - fast and without conscious thought
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12
Q

Effortful Regulation

A

Requires attention

Uses working memory and other cognitive operations

Reappraisal or meditation for example

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13
Q

Network System

A
  • Amygdala, hippocampus and PFC form their own networks
  • Achieve Reciprocal Influence on each other.
  • Activate Incentive motivation in a “Chain of Cues”
  • With repetition successful outcomes can be achieved
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14
Q

Socially Mediated Regulation

A
  • Familiar faces, physical contact, and safe attachment are associated with social regulation
  • Believed to be due to oxytocin and endogenous opioids
  • Experiments with electric shock people were more calm when someone held their hand.
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15
Q

Socially moderated regulation

A
  • Children who experience social deprivation had lower levels of vasopressin and oxytocin
  • Social isolation is a risk factor for neurodevelopment, physiological and psychosocial problems
  • e.g. mental health distress, family dysfunction, poor health, cognitive decline
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16
Q

Social Baseline Theory

A
  • Social Affect regulation is important to attachment relationships
  • Much of this is developed in the PFC in the early years
  • PFC is underdeveloped in babies so caregivers need to teach regulation
  • Caregivers act as surrogate PFC for emotion regulation
17
Q

Nature vs Nurture

A
  • Neuro-epigenetic brain changes are being created
  • Mother/Child Bond is expressed in biology of the limbic system
  • Nature/Nurture debate can also be called bio-psycho-social interactions
  • Biology can shape relationships which can in turn shape biology - Brain structure
18
Q

Louis Sander

A
  • Pioneer of developmental psychoanalysis
  • Made affective turn in therapeutic approaches moving away from cognition
19
Q

Early Positive Affective Dynamic

A
  • Sanders focus on “profound consequences” of positive affect on human mental health
  • Focus on understanding affective organisation related to infant/caregiver dyad
20
Q

Ancient Sub-Cortical Networks

A
  • Core affects built on existing ancient neural networks
  • Deep brain electrical brain stimulation shows this
  • Artificially induced primal emotions can produce positive or negative feelings when correct ancient networks are stimulated
21
Q

Affective Neursoscience

A

Three sets of affect have been identified

  1. Emotional
  2. Homeostatic
  3. Sensory
  • Feelings like Disgust, hunger and thirst are necessary for survival and homeostasis
  • Sensory affect like pain and pleasure send messages to approach or avoid
22
Q

The Seven Emotional Networks

A
  1. Seeking
  2. Rage
  3. Fear
  4. Lust
  5. Care
  6. Panic
  7. Play
23
Q

Emotional Environment

A
  • With poor social emotions in childhood negativity powers the mind
  • All prosocial interactions promote natural opioid release
  • This sustains emotional well being and long term resilience
24
Q

Relational Experiences

A
  • Trauma and attachment are like glue, sticking long past the initial experience
  • How to remove the glue to create a healing experience?
  • We do not heal in isolation
  • Meditation helps but caring human interactions are crucial
25
Q

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A
26
Q

Psychodynamic Theory - Jacobs (2010)

A
  • Argued all counselling stems from Freud - Even those who disagree
  • CBT is an expectation to this
  • Many counselling models have some aspects of Freudian theories but not others
27
Q

Two Freudian Ideas supported by Neuroscience

A
  • Personality evolves over time: Early Childhood is intensely formative
  • Individual is not in complete charge of the whole self
28
Q

Define Psychodynamic

A
  • Encompasses the mind/emotions/spirit/self
  • Is active and never static throughout life
  • Can be interactions between people
  • Can also relate to the self - relating to psyche within yourself
29
Q

Kleinian Theory

A
  • Melanie Klein (1923) Observed children and mothers
  • Recognised the importance of this relationship
  • Humans are vulnerable and dependent for the longest time in lifespan
  • This is due to the amount of time the brain forms and develops
  • Instincts are driven by hopes, fears and wishes
  • Instincts felt as urge to connect with desire or destructiveness
  • Mostly based on unconscious and internal conflicts
30
Q

Primary Maternal Preoccupation

A
  • Immediately after childbirth mothers become solely focused on babies
  • Excludes focus on other things creatine heightened sensitive to child’s needs
  • Winnicott (1971)
31
Q

Donald Winnicott (1971)

A
  • Saw mother’s role as a mirror in early development
  • A “good enough” mother will provide positive attachment
  • Children internalise dysregulation if the mother’s nervous system limited
  • Sometimes children will develop a false self by trying to predict maternal behaviour

“What does the baby see when he or she looks at the mother’s face? I am suggesting that, ordinarily, what the baby sees is himself or herself. In other words the mother is looking at the baby and what she looks like is related to what she sees there”

32
Q

John Bowlby

A
  • Created Attachment Theory - profound creative lines into children’s psychoanalysis
  • Focused on mother/child dyad - this has been verified in neuroscience
  • Strong focus on how relationships can affect emotional regulation
  • People with positive, close loving relationships have more resilience and better mental health outcomes
  • This leads to secure attachments and beneficial internal working models to engage within the world

2211 - Counselling Neuroscience (6 decks)

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