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2211 - Counselling Neuroscience > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Life Course Health Development

A
  • Approach to the cause of disease
  • Is now focusing on biological psychological and social factors that contribute to disease
  • Disease development is multifactorial and there is no “magic bullet” in treatment cure or cause
  • Drugs were good for bacteria but not so much for complex chronic disease
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2
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A disease that develops in middle age but has its origins in physiology, development social and psychological history

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3
Q

How is resilience Derived

A
  • Multi-factorial
  • Early environment, social support, genetics, epigenetics, and coping strategies,
  • Also pharmacological and other therapeutic interventions
  • Social workers and therapists are key to developing wholistic resilience
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4
Q

Brain at the nexus of stress

A
  • Principle organ involved in identifying stress and managing it
  • Can adapt own structure and function and genetics in response to stress or the environment
  • This is done with Hormones and Trophic Factors
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5
Q

Trophic Factors

A
  • Any molecule that supports the survival of cells
  • Nerve growth factors are polypeptides that regulate the proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation of cells in the nervous system.
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6
Q

Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)

A
  • Provides instructions for making a protein in brain and spinal cord
  • Promotes the survival of nerve cells (neurons) by playing a role in the growth, maturation (differentiation), and maintenance of these cells.
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7
Q

Depression, PTSD Recovery and Brain Structure

A

Chronic Stress and Mental Illness causes changes in brain structure and function

These can recover to a certain extent using therapy and relief of stress

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8
Q

Recovery of Structural Markers

A
  • Gene Expression and Epigenetics can rebuild structural makers of positive healing
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9
Q

Epigenetics

A

Changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself

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10
Q

What Builds Resilience

A
  • Epigenetics and Gene Expression
  • Actively engaging in a positive response to stress and trauma is needed to recover structural markers
  • Remaining rigid or lacking vulnerability does not allow for neural adaptation
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11
Q

Resilience

A

The ability to adapt and come to a successful outcome in the face of difficulty or adversity

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12
Q

Eustress

A

Stressful situations that produce positive outcomes

e.g. Military Boot Camp that pushes participants limits in order to make them more resilient in a combat situation

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13
Q

Allostasis

A

Returning to a neutral state after experiencing a stressful event

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14
Q

Neuroplastic Adaptation

A
  • Recovery of stress induced changes in the brain’s architecture
  • Not a reversal of traumatic damage
  • An adaptation towards resilience that requires external intervention
  • Impaired by mood disorder and ageing
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15
Q

Characteristics of Resilience

A
  • Making positives out of adverse situations
  • Ability to self regulate
  • Moderated Locus of Control
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16
Q

Locus of Control

A
  • Accurate perception about the underlying main causes of events in life.
  • Accurately decide whether an outcome is contingent on our actions
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17
Q

Rapid activation and rapid, appropriate termination of the stress response are associated with resilience,

A

Blunted or exaggerated responses are associated with disease states

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18
Q

Neurotransmitters Associated with Resilience

A
  • Neuropeptide Y
  • Norepinephrine
  • Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
  • Endocannabinoid
  • Oxytocin
  • Glutamate - Most Significant
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19
Q

Resilience in children

A
  • Increased by positive relations to caregivers
  • Strong social support
  • Community that provides meaningful response to adversity (faith based)
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20
Q

Actions to promote Resilience

A
  • Faith Based engagement like prayer
  • Meditation
  • Active Coping Engagement
  • Exercise
  • Actions to develop mastery and self esteem
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21
Q

Absence of Adversity

A
  • Does not necessarily contribute to resilience
  • Exposure to controllable adverse events helps
  • sheilding and not challenging children does not protect children or build resilience
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22
Q

Environmental Programming

A

How epigenetics are expressed during development

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23
Q

Two Methods of Inheritance

A

Slow: many changes across multiple generations

Fast: changes in genetic expression from mother to child

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24
Q

Genetic Expression

A
  • The process by which a gene gets turned on in a cell to make RNA and proteins
  • These changes can become heritable
25
Q

Three Primary Ways Maternal Behaviour Impacts Brain Structure

A
  1. Learning and Plasticity
  2. Ability to cope with Stress
  3. Later Maternal Behaviour in Adulthood
26
Q

Methylation of DNA

A
  • An epigenetic modification or heritable change in DNA
  • Does not modify the sequence of DNA.
  • Alters expression of a gene during cell differentiation and causes a change that is heritable.
27
Q

Increasing Receptors

A
  • High Maternal attention facilitates the production of receptor cells
  • This allows for greater ability to mediate sensation from the environment
  • Can lead to dampening of fear and anxiety
  • Can increase exploratory behaviour
28
Q

NMDA Receptors

A
  • N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
  • Play a crucial role in regulating neurological functions,
    • e.g. breathing, locomotion, learning, memory formation, and neuroplasticity.
  • Are Glutamate Sensitive
  • Can help regulate Long Term Depression
29
Q

Neuroplasticity and Depression

A
  • It may be that hippocampus reduction is the result and not the cause of depression
  • This is a physical expression of the shutdown of neuroplasticity
30
Q

Grandmother Gene Hypothesis

A
  • Human women go through early menopause to be available to help raise grandchildren
  • This reduces the risk of childbirth which increases with age for both mothers and babies
  • Early menopause could be shaped by natural selection to increase species survival
  • Could be that women live longer due to greater involvement in nurturing and caring for young
31
Q

Experience Dependent Plasticity

A
  • Found in prefrontal cortex & hippocampus
  • Dependent on close relationships
  • Romantic Relationships can cause movement from disorganized attachment to more secure attachment
32
Q

Therapy and Reparenting

A
  • Counselling can sometimes can be viewed as reparenting
  • It can create the epigenetic benefits that may have been missed in infancy
  • Attention, care and nurturing can be gained through and give the client the biological interventions they need
33
Q

ompfc

A
  • Orbito-Medial Pre-Frontal Cortex
  • Sits at apex of the limbic system
  • Sometimes called the Basal Forebrain
  • A place where polysensory, somatic and emotional information is processed
  • Co-ordinates activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
34
Q

Basal Forebrain

A
  • OMPFC, Insula, Cingulate Cortices
  • Most evolutionarily primitive cortexes of the brain
  • Sits at apex of Limbic System
  • Deals with senses, somatic and emotional information
35
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A
  • Primitive association of visceral, motor, tactile and emotional information
  • Damage here is connected with mutism, loss of maternal responses, neglect and autonomic instability
36
Q

Spindle Cells

A
  • Spindle shaped neurons in humans and ages the regulate divergent streams of information
  • Emerge after birth and are dependent on experience
  • Neglect can impact lifelong cognitive deficits
37
Q

Social Brain

A
  • The bigger the cortex the more social primates became
  • AS this happened need for language and problem solving grew
  • This led to task specialisation
38
Q

Social Synapse

A

Language is verbal and non-verbal

In Polyvagal terms non-verbal communication signals threat or safety

39
Q

Early Bonding

A

Co-regulation

the ability to build secure attachment makes way for the ability to self regulate

40
Q

Attunement and Reciprocity

A
  • Mutual Awareness, turn taking and emotional resonance
  • Early regulation established by mother/child synchrony
  • Supports building of neural networks
  • Basis for self-regulation in children’s
41
Q

Mirror Neurons

A
  • Neurons fire in response to the actions of others
  • This explains why we learn from observing others
  • May be the basis for the way we empathise
  • Bonnie Badenoch 2016 - EMDR
42
Q

Lack of Attunement and Shame

A
  • Shame appears in the second year of life
  • can be activated due to loss of attunement
  • Prolonged shame causes dysregulation
    • Affects attachment needs negatively
    • disrupts healthy neural networks
43
Q

Rupture and Repair

A
  • Ed Tronick
  • Parents need to attune 33% of the time
  • As long as there is repair after a problem
  • Misattunement with repair could be just as necessary to demonstrate how we regulate
44
Q

Attachment Theory

A
  • Developed by John Bowlby
  • Attachement based on 3 concepts
    1. Need for attachment figures
    2. Proximity seeking behaviour for protection
    3. Safety of knowing there is a secure base to return
45
Q

Attachment Schemas

A
  • Implicit memories based on experience
  • Safe experiences with positive caregivers create functional schemas
  • Disorganised attachment has the opposite effect
  • Effectively the narrative we tell ourselves about our safety
46
Q

Attachment and the ANS

A
  • Secure attachment creates optimal balance of SNS & PNS
  • Established early in life
  • Results in enduring patterns in response to arousal & stress
  • Poor Attachment leads to over or under arousal through the body & brain
47
Q

Childhood Trauma

A

Trauma Events by themselves do not predict attachment schema

Working through experiences to construct a coherent narrative can form secure attachment

48
Q

Narrative Co-Construction

A
  • Blueprint for organised, integrated neural circuitry
  • Emotional attunement helps set the base for
    • Feelings, behaviours, sensations
  • With integration of an experience we can develop healthy schemas
49
Q

Therapist Reparenting

A
  • Therapy can produce the neural connections we need if it was missed in development.
  • Care and Nurturing influences our brain structure
50
Q

Polyvagal Theory

A
  • Stephen Porges 1990s
  • Emphasis on bidirectional communication between brain and visceral organs
  • These organs such as gut & intestines could influence brain processes like cognition and emotions
51
Q

Vagal Brake

A
  • The way the vagal pathways inhibit heart rate
  • Involved in down-regulating defense mechanisms
  • Promotes social engagement and coregulation
    *
52
Q

Window of Tolerance

A
  • The ability to stay connected to our pre-frontal cortex
  • Occurs in response to stress arousal
  • Ventral Vagal pathway is not accessible at this time
  • Positive social connections support the return to Ventral Vagal
53
Q

Neuroception

A
  • How the nervous system evaluates risk
  • Is automatic and implicit
  • Sometimes get a “gut feeling” or intuition
54
Q

Faulty Neuroception

A
  • Adaptive survival reaction that detects risk when there is no risk
  • Often found in people with trauma history
  • Also called Biased Neuroception
55
Q

Vagus Nerve Activation

A
  • Stress decreases vagal activation
  • This triggers sympathetic nervous system arousal and Fight/Flight
  • Vagal Break fine tunes our fear response to stop us from overwhelm
  • Positive attachment supports our ability to discern threat and stay calm
56
Q

Safe and Sound Protocol

A
  • An acoustic frequency range with cues of safety
  • High pitched sounds usually signify distress
  • Deep, low sounds might sound like predatory animal and cause a freeze response
57
Q

Vagal Tone

A
  • How the Vagus nerve regulates the heart and other organs
  • Poor vagal tone connected to poor emotional regulation, and high attention demand
  • This can make social engagement and attention difficult
58
Q

Vagal Regulation

A
  • Allows us to be distressed or anxious without withdrawing or becoming physically aggressive
  • It is possible that perpetrators may not have had secure early attachment that allows vagal regulation

2211 - Counselling Neuroscience (6 decks)

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