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Biological Foundations of Mental Health (KCL) > Week 5 Terms > Flashcards

Week 5 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Wisconsin Card Sort Test?

A

A neuropsychologic test of “set shifting”

Analyses of higher level cognitivie function - how well a person can adapt to changing rules

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2
Q

What is the Stroop Test?

A

a cognitive test that measures inhibitory control.

demonstrates effect that occures when there is a mismatch between name and color

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3
Q

What is the N-Back Test?

A

Cognitive test of working memory

Presents items in a sequence and must determine if a stimulus matches the stimulus n-times ago.

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4
Q

Parietal Association Cortex

A
  • Critical for sensory guidance of motor behaviour and spatial awareness.
  • Example: understanding where objects are in relation to each other.
  • Injury results in disorders of body awareness, motor control, spatial recognition
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5
Q

Temporal Association Cortex

A
  • recognition of sensory stimuli and storage of factual knowledge
  • links to areas of frontal lobe concerned with emotion and cognition
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6
Q

Frontal Association Cortex

A
  • Plays role in organizing and executive behaviour and working memory.
  • DLPFC maintains intention. Injury to this area creates disorganized behaviour & distractability. (Phineas Gage)
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7
Q

Limbic Association Cortex

A

Emotion and Long Term Episodic Memory Formation

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8
Q

Orbital Ventromedial PreFrontal Cortex

A
  • receives input from sensory
  • links to hypothalamus & amygdala
  • projects to DLPFC
  • goal directed behaviour
  • injury to this area leeds to indicision and lacking aversive emotional response

(Cht 18, Cognition, pg 406)

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9
Q

What are the 2 areas of the Frontal Association Cortex?

A

1) Dorsolateral Pre-Frontal Cortex

2) Ventromedial Pre-Frontal Area

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10
Q

Who were some of the first investigators to formulate the Rate Model?

A

Albin, 1989
DeLong 1983, 1990
Penney & Young 1983

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11
Q

What are the 2 Main Input Nuclei of the Basla Ganglia?

A

1) The Striatum

2) The SubThalamic Nuclues

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12
Q

What are the 2 Main Output Nuclei of the Basla Ganglia?

A

1) GPi (Globus Pallidus, pars interna)

2) SNr (Substantia Nigra pars reticulata)

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13
Q

What are some of the key components of the Rate Model?

A

1) Basal Ganglia form an Interconnected Network
2) Basal Ganglia are involved in Motor & Cognitivie Function
3) The Cortex generates commands, however the intergirty of the basal ganglia as a positive feedback system is essential to sustain activity
4) The network can be subdivided into 2 Main pathways (direct & indirect)
5) Dopamine acts on the 2 pathways at the Striatum
6) The Striatum selects from competing actions
7) GPi and SNr (output) inhibit or disinhibit thalamocortical and/or brain stem areas to suppress or promote actions

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14
Q

How does the Basal Ganglia control movement?

A

Movement requires disinhibition.
The Output Nuclei (GPi/ SNr) have a high level of discharge which inhibits the Thalamus > Cortex.
Decreased firing disinhibits the Thalamocortical discharge unit which promotes movement

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15
Q

What is one of the most important neuromodulators of basal ganglia?

A

Dopamine

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16
Q

What effect does Dopamine have on D1 receptors?

A
  • This is the Direct Pathway.
  • Results in increased spiking of neurons in Striatum
  • Facilitates striatal signalling to output nuclei
  • Facilitates strong, phasic inputs, suppresses weak inputs
17
Q

What effect does Dopamine have on D2 receptors?

A
  • This is Indirect Pathway
  • Suppresses action (striatal inhibitory pathway)
  • Inhibits motor behaviour
18
Q

What is optogenetic activation & what author used this method to show effects of the indirect pathway suppressed action inhibiting motor behaviour in a mouse?

A

Optogenetics = biological technique using pulse of light to activate a neuron

Kravitz et al. 2010

19
Q

Basal Ganglia Dysfunctions

A
  • Motor abnormality
  • Impaired Memory
  • Attention Deficit
  • Affective Disorders
  • Sleep Disturbance
20
Q

Basal Ganglia Dysfunctions

A
  • Motor abnormality
  • Impaired Memory
  • Attention Deficit
  • Affective Disorders
  • Sleep Disturbance
21
Q

Basal Ganglia Related Disorders

A
  • Parkinsons
  • Huntington’s
  • Dementia
  • Tourette’s Syndrome
  • ADHD, OCD
  • Depression
  • Schizophrenia
22
Q

What is the relation between Dopamine and Parkinsons Disease?

A
  • The Nigrostriathal pathway is affected (bilateral dopaminergic pathway that connects SNc to Striatum)
  • Dopamine no longer has an impact on the striatum.
  • Thus, the direct pathway is suppressed and indirect pathway is facilitated.
  • In absense of dopamine–> tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, sleep disturbance
23
Q

What are the 2 Reward Pathways in the Brain?

A

1) Mesolimbic

2) Mesocortical

24
Q

Which researchers discovered the Brain Reward Pathway in 1954?

A

James Olds

Peter Milner

25
Q

What effect do opiates, ethanol, nicotine, amphatamine, and cocaine have on the brain?

A

They activate the reward pathways by inducing dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens

Biological Foundations of Mental Health (KCL) (6 decks)

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