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Biological Foundations of Mental Health (KCL) > Week 1 Terms > Flashcards

Week 1 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

What is Convergence?

A
  • when many pre-synaptic neurons converge on any single post synaptic neuron
  • single cell receiving inputs from multiple sources
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2
Q

What is Divergence?

A

a single sell projecting/ sending out signals to multiple cells

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3
Q

On what day after conception does the neural tube of an embryo form?

A

~Day 23

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4
Q

What influences and interactions cause neuronal differentiation?

A
  • Morphology
  • Gene expression
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Axon projections & connections
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5
Q

What are the 2 Types (Directions) of Neuronal Migration?

A

1) Radial - moving OUT

2) Tangential - moving UP

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6
Q

What are 2 Methods of Migration?

A

1) Somal Translocation- extension develops in direction of migration
2) Glial-mediated - cells move along a radial-glial network

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7
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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8
Q

Through what structure do spinal nerves leave the vertebra?

A

through the corresponding intervertebral foramen

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9
Q

At which vertebra does the spinal cord end?

A

L1-L2

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10
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A
  • The bunch of nerve roots at the lower end of the spinal cord
  • cauda equina = horses tail
  • located from ~L3
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11
Q

What parts of the brain are included in the Hindbrain?

A

1) Cerebellum
2) Pons
3) Medulla

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12
Q

What is the oldest part of the brain?

A

The Hindbrain

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13
Q

Where is the Diencephalon located and what are the 4 main parts?

A
  • Location = top of brain stem

- Thalamus, Subthalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus

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14
Q

What are the 4 Main Lobes of the Brain?

A

1) Frontal
2) Parietal
3) Temporal
4) Occipital

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15
Q

What are cortical ascending connections?

A

1) Somatosensory - from the Thalamus
2) Auditory -from Thalamus (inputs from cochlea)
3) Visual - from Thalamus (inputs from retina)
4) Smell - from Olfactory
5) Taste - from taste buds via thalamic nuclei

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16
Q

What is the most primative of all of our senses? (hint: and is the only sense that doesn’t go through the Thalamus?)

A

Smell

17
Q

What are Descending Cortical Connects?

A
  • Motor to spinal cord
  • Motor to brain stem motor nuclei
  • Motor to motor control centers
  • to the Limbic system
18
Q

What are Commissures?

A

pathways that connect one side of the brain with the other

they cross the midline to reach both hemispheres

19
Q

What are Association Fibers?

A

a type of white matter tract that connects different areas in the same hemisphere

20
Q

What are the 3 Major Classes of Neurons connecting Cortical Structures?

A

1) Association
2) Commisural
3) Projection

21
Q

During development, cells of the nervous system differenciate into what 2 cell types:

A

1) Neurons - come in many forms, specialized based on function
2) Glia - support neurons

22
Q

What are some of the Glial Subtypes?

A
  • Ependymal cells
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Oligodendrocytes
23
Q

What are Astrocytes and what are their functions?

A

Astrocytes are Glial Cells.

Functions include:

  • scaffolding (for entire CNS)
  • distribute nutrients from the blood supply to neurons
  • function as glycogen reserve
  • proliferate & migrate to area of injury (tissue repair)
  • regulation of synaptic activity (clear out synapses as needed)
  • new evidence suggest they can sense and respond to neuronal activity. they respond by raising intracellular calcium which can induce LTP.
24
Q

What are the functions of Microglial cells?

A
  • resident immune cells of brain
  • clear debris –> can also degrade synapses (essential for pruning)
  • recruit other cells to sites of damage
  • aid in tissue repair
25
Q

What are the fuctions of Oligodendrocytes?

A
  • secrete lipid myelin to create myelin sheath
  • myelin sheath increases speed of neuronal signalling
  • provide metabollic support
26
Q

How does Multiple Sclerosis prevent the brain from communicating with the body properly?

A

It causes degredation of the myelin sheath

27
Q

What are Progenitor cells?

A

Descendants of stem cells that further differentiate to become a mature, specialized cell.

28
Q

Describe Human Development (fertilization to 3 months):

A 
Day 0= Fertilization 
Day 0-6= cleaves to form Blastocyte
Day 7= Implantation of Blastocyte & formation of 2 layer disc.
Day 14= Gastrulation 
Day 21= Neurulation 
Day 28-35= Tailbud Stage
Day 28-56= Embryonic Period
3 Months to Birth = Fetal
29
Q

Describe the process of Neurulation:

A

Occurs during Week 3

  1. Notochord starts/stimulates the process
  2. Ectoderm thickens to become neural plate
  3. Lateral edges of neural plate become elevated —> neural folds. Depressed region = neural groove.
  4. Neural folds fuse together and form neural tube (becomes brain & spinal cord).
  5. Neural crest forms above & becomes PNS.
30
Q

Describe the Organization of the Nervous System

A

1) CNS
2) PNS
- Somatic
—Sensory
—Motor
- Autonomic
—Sympathetic
—Parasympathetic

31
Q

What are 3 unique key features of Neurons?

A

1) High energy demand mainly from ATP pump
2) Need to transport cargo long distances for signaling or recycling
3) Limited capacity to generate new neurons

32
Q

What is transcription?

A

Photocopying DNA into mRNA via RNA polymerase enzyme

33
Q

What is translation?

A

Literal translation of the genetic code on the mRNA into a protein.
Read by ribosomes in cytoplasm of the cell.

34
Q

What are Microglia and what are their functions?

A

Microglia are small glial cells of CNS.
They have a resting and active form.

Functions:

  • look for dead & damaged areas
  • when they sense inflammation from injury or infection they change to active form
  • they secrete cytotoxic factors causing bacteria to turn into debris which they eat (phagocytosis)
35
Q

What are Neuronal Substructures and their Functions?

A

1) Nucleus- stores genetic info
2) Endoasmic Reticulum- produces, sorts, and processes new proteins
3) Mitochondria- energy generator
4) Golgi Apparatus- additional processing & packaging of lipids & proteins
5) Lysosomes- contains digestive enzymes break down excess & worn out cell parts
6) Cell membrane- lipid bilateral

Biological Foundations of Mental Health (KCL) (6 decks)

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