Week 5- Quizzes, Animations, Clicker Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Unlike the biological species concept, the morphospecies concept relies on:

phenotype.

offspring.

behavior.

physiology.

A

phenotype

Why:

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2
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding hybridization?

Natural selection sometimes acts against progeny that result from hybridization.

All of these choices are correct.

Hybridization occurs in plants more often than in animals.

Hybridization can result in fertile offspring.

Hybridization involves the transfer of genetic material between members of similar species.

A

All of these choices are correct.

Why:

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3
Q

Which of the following species concepts might differentiate species on the basis of specific dietary requirements?

ecological species

evolutionary species

ring species

A

ecological species

Why:

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4
Q

While in South America, you come across what you think are two groups of birds in the same location. They are nearly identical aside from their color. After years of observation, you conclude that the birds eat similar diets and share similar behaviors but do not reproduce with each other. These groups of birds appear to be an example of:

a single ecological species.

a single biological species.

ring species.

two different species on the basis of the ecological niche occupied.

two different species on the basis of reproductive behavior.

A

two different species on the basis of reproductive behavior.

Why:

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5
Q

You would expect similar species with a different number of chromosomes to be genetically compatible and therefore able to reproduce.

True

False

A

True

Why:

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6
Q

The longer two species have been separated, the greater the number of genetic differences between them.

True

False

A

True

Why:

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7
Q

In the southwestern desert of the United States there are temporary ponds that form only after heavy summer rains. As a naturalist, you visit these ponds and notice that female frogs mate with males of their own species based only on their calls. The lack of mating between different species would be an example of _____ and _____.

pre-zygotic isolation; temporal separation

post-zygotic isolation; behavioral isolation

pre-zygotic isolation; behavioral isolation

post-zygotic isolation; temporal separation

A

pre-zygotic isolation; behavioral isolation

Why:

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8
Q

Two species of frog mate in the same pond. One breeds in early summer and one in late summer. This is an example of what kind of reproductive isolation?

post-zygotic, temporal separation

pre-zygotic, ecological separation

pre-zygotic, behavioral isolation

pre-zygotic, temporal separation

post-zygotic, ecological separation

A

pre-zygotic, temporal separation

Why:

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9
Q

The reason that lions (which live in Africa) and tigers (which live in Asia) don’t produce ligers (infertile offspring of lions and tigers) in the wild is likely the result of:

behavioral isolation of tigers and lions.

both temporal and ecological separation of lions and tigers.

an incompatible lock-and-key mechanism between the species.

temporal separation of lions and tigers.

ecological separation of lions and tigers.

A

ecological separation of lions and tigers.

Why:

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10
Q

You are an experienced naturalist and biologist and you observe two birds mating that you do not believe to belong to the same species. The eggs from this breeding do not hatch, and when you obtain one of the eggs, you find embryonic development stopped not long after fertilization. Which of the following conclusions is supported by these observations?

Post-zygotic factors prevented successful reproduction.

Pre-zygotic isolation prevented successful reproduction.

Temporal isolation prevented successful reproduction.

This is evidence to suggest the two types of birds are a single species.

Behavioral isolation prevented successful reproduction.

A

Post-zygotic factors prevented successful reproduction.

Why:

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11
Q

The accumulation of different mutations in genetically separated populations is known as _____ and is the key to speciation.

genetic divergence

reproductive fitness

intersexual selection

reinforcement

A

genetic divergence

Why:

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12
Q

You are a biologist on a trip to an island in the South Pacific. While on the island, you are allowed to collect DNA samples from a local species of rat that resembles a species seen on a nearby continent. If your DNA analysis also indicates the two species are closely related, you might conclude that the evolution of the two separate species was an example of _____ speciation through _____.

sympatric; vicariance

allopatric; dispersal

allopatric; vicariance

sympatric; dispersal

A

allopatric; dispersal

Why:

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13
Q

_____ is a special case of explosive speciation in which new species form rapidly in response to numerous “open” ecological niches.

Co-speciation

Adaptive radiation

Peripatric speciation

Sympatric speciation

Allopatric speciation

A

Adaptive radiation

Why:

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14
Q

In co-speciation, two groups of organisms speciate in response to each other and in a coordinated manner.

True

False

A

True

Why:

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15
Q

In general, allopatric species will evolve pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms more rapidly than sympatric species.

True

False

A

False

Why:

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16
Q

_____ is the gradual emergence of two or more species as a result of the geographic separation of two or more groups of animals of the same species.

Sympatric speciation

Instantaneous speciation

Allopatric

Co-speciation

Adaptive speciation

A

Allopatric

Why:

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17
Q

Two species of antelope ground squirrels are separated by the Grand Canyon. They are hypothesized to descend from a common ancestor, populations of which were separated as the canyon formed. If this hypothesis is correct, it would be an example of:

peripatric speciation by vicariance.

sympatric speciation by vicariance.

allopatric speciation by vicariance.

sympatric speciation by dispersal.

allopatric speciation by dispersal.

A

allopatric speciation by vicariance.

Why:

18
Q

Adaptive radiation is an acceleration of speciation and adaptation when there are a large number of ecological opportunities available.

True

False

A

True

Why:

19
Q

For many species, hybridization results in sterile offspring, a process known as reinforcement of isolation. An alternate way of viewing the process of reinforcement is:

selection for hybrid individuals.

behavioral isolation.

selection against individuals that hybridize.

ecological isolation.

A

selection against individuals that hybridize.

Why:

20
Q

Sympatric speciation:

only occurs in bacteria.

whenever hybrids mate with parental species.

can occur instantaneously through formation of polyploid offspring.

occurs whenever a physical barrier between two species is removed (i.e., a river dries up) and the two species start to interbreed.

A

can occur instantaneously through formation of polyploid offspring.

Why:

21
Q

Imagine a scenario in which a common population of animals is separated into two groups by a natural event. Over time, you might expect the two populations to become _____ genetically similar. This process is known as _____ speciation.

less; allopatric

more; allopatric

less; sympatric

more; sympatric

A

less; allopatric

Why:

22
Q

_____ is the primary force responsible for changes in allelic frequency of deleterious mutations. _____ is the primary force responsible for changes in allelic frequency of neutral mutations.

Natural selection; Genetic drift

Genetic drift; Natural selection

A

Natural selection; Genetic drift

Why:

23
Q

Speciation can occur in the absence of natural selection; for example, in speciation that results from instances of genetic drift.

True

False

A

True

Why:

24
Q

Imagine that you had two populations of red-tailed hawks one with long tail feathers, the other with short tail feathers. Mating discrimination in this species could entail either hawks with long tail feathers preferentially mating with other hawks that have long tail feathers, or hawks with short tail feathers preferentially mating with other hawks that have short tail feathers.

True

False

A

True

Why:

25
Q

The process by which sympatric speciation might occur would MOST likely be the result of:

convergent evolution.

natural selection.

adaptive radiation.

vicariance.

A

natural selection.

Why:

26
Q

True or False: When individuals of a parent species are separated geographically, one population of separated individuals is more likely to acquire neutral mutations than the other.

A. True

B. False

A

B. False

Why:

27
Q

In animals with alleles for a given trait of A and a, if Hardy-Weinberg conditions are met, which one of the following is not a possible genotype frequency? For a hint, click on the check mark next to “Hardy-Weinberg” at the top. Click the x box to turn it off when you’re done.

A. p2

B. q2

C. 2pq

D. p2q2

E. Each of the genotype frequencies provided is a possibility.

A

D. p2q2

Why:

28
Q

True or False: An allele that has acquired a mutation at a particular nucleotide position is just as likely to acquire a subsequent mutation as an allele which has not been previously mutated.

A. True

B. False

A

A. True

Why:

29
Q

Neutral mutations can increase in frequency to a maximum of what percentage of the population?

A. 25%

B. 50%

C. 75%

D. 99%

E. 100%

A

E. 100%

Why:

30
Q

Neutral mutations can decrease in frequency to a minimum of what percentage of the population?

A. 0%

B. 5%

C. 10%

D. 25%

E. 50%

A

A. 0%

Why:

31
Q

A neutral mutation is one that:

A. increases survival and/or reproduction.

B. decreases survival and/or reproduction.

C. does not affect survival or reproduction.

A

C. does not affect survival or reproduction.

Why:

32
Q

Speciation is said to occur when:

A. two populations become completely reproductively isolated from one another.

B. any two mutations become fixed differences between the populations.

C. partial reproductive isolation between two populations is achieved.

D. two populations become permanently physically separated from each other.

E. all deleterious mutations have been eliminated from the populations.

A

A. two populations become completely reproductively isolated from one another.

Why:

33
Q

If the environmental conditions change, a neutral mutation can become advantageous or disadvantageous.

A. true

B. false

A

A. true

Why:

34
Q

If the frequency of the blue trait changes randomly in the population from generation to generation, the most likely cause for this is:

A. genetic drift.

B. natural or artificial selection.

C. mutation.

D. epigenetic inheritance.

A

A. genetic drift.

Why:

35
Q

Which of the following factors would be least likely to affect the mutation rate in a population?

A. age of the males reproducing in a sexual population

B. the presence of mutagens in the environment

C. the level of recombination in a population

D. generation time of the species

A

C. the level of recombination in a population

Why:

36
Q

Indicate whether natural selection, if it acted alone, could cause changes in the allele frequency(ies) of a population.

A., Acting alone could change allele frequency.

B., Acting alone could not change allele frequency.

A

A., Acting alone could change allele frequency.

Why:

37
Q

Indicate whether genetic drift, if it acted alone, could cause changes in the allele frequency(ies) of a population.

A., Acting alone could change allele frequency.

B., Acting alone could not change allele frequency.

A

A., Acting alone could change allele frequency.

Why:

38
Q

Which phrase best describes how natural selection results in evolution?

A., Weak individuals are eliminated by strong individuals.

B., Individuals adapt to their environment by undergoing mutations.

C., Individuals with particular traits survive better than individuals with other traits.

D., Individuals with particular traits leave behind more offspring than individuals with other traits.

A

D., Individuals with particular traits leave behind more offspring than individuals with other traits.

Why:

39
Q

In order for the gene pools of two closely related species to remain distinct, there must be:

A., a geographic barrier between them.

B., different mutation rates in each species.

C., different selection pressures on each species.

D., some form of reproductive isolation.

A

D., some form of reproductive isolation.

Why:

40
Q

Over time, in a population, new mutations of a given gene may:

A., disappear from the population.

B., remain at relatively low levels in the population.

C., become fixed as the only form of the gene in the population.

D., disappear, remain at low levels, or become fixed.

A

D., disappear, remain at low levels, or become fixed.

Why:

41
Q

A geologic barrier betwen two populations of one species can contribute to speciation because of:

A., similar environmental conditions in the two locations.

B., lack of gene flow between populations.

C., increased mutation rates due to separation

A

B., lack of gene flow between populations.

Why: