Week 1- Quizzes, Animations, Clicker questions Flashcards
How do most cancers arise?
A., from a single mutations arising simultaneously in a cluster of cells
B., from a series of mutations that arise in the descendants of a single somatic cell
C., from multiple mutations arising simultaneously in a single cell
D., from mutations arising in a single cell that are then transmitted to other cells in the body
B., from a series of mutations that arise in the descendants of a single somatic cell
How do mutations arise?
A., Mutations in cancer cells arise because they need to divide faster.
B., Mutations arise in a specific sequence where a mutation in one gene directly leads to a mutation in a specific second gene.
C., Mutations arise randomly and independent of other mutations in the cell. ,
D., Mutations arise simultaneously, where whole sets of mutations occur in a single event.
C., Mutations arise randomly and independent of other mutations in the cell.
What effect does each successive mutation have on the colon cells in the example?
A., It causes them to leave the colon and spread to other tissues.
B., It causes them to divide more rapidly than normal cells.
C., It causes them to become non-colon cells.
D., In causes them to become larger and expand in the colon.
B., It causes them to divide more rapidly than normal cells.
When p53 becomes mutant in cells already mutant for APC and Ras, what occurs?
A., These cells survive despite DNA damage and divide extremely rapidly.
B., These cells die.
C., These cells remain benign.
D., These cells expand their chromosome number to 53.
A., These cells survive despite DNA damage and divide extremely rapidly.
_____ mutations are important to the evolutionary process; most cancers result from _____ mutations.
A. Somatic; heritable B. Point; germ-line C. Germ-line; heritable D. Germ-line; somatic E. Somatic; germ-line
D. Germ-line; somatic
The number of new mutations in organisms following a round of genome replication:
A. generally decreases with larger genomes.
B. None of the answer options is correct.
C. generally increases with larger genomes.
D. is similar, independent of genome size.
E. is highest in bacteria.
C. generally increases with larger genomes.
Which of the following statements concerning cancer and mutations is CORRECT?
A. Usually, multiple mutations are required in different genes to cause cancer.
B. None of the other answer options is correct.
C. Usually, a single mutation is all that is required to cause cancer.
D. Cancer can only occur with a mutation in a germ cell.
E. Cancer can only occur with a mutation in a somatic cell.
A. Usually, multiple mutations are required in different genes to cause cancer.
Sites in the genome that are more susceptible to mutations than others are called:
A. hotspots. B. noncoding DNA. C. genes. D. mutation spots. E. risk factors.
A. hotspots.
The definition of mutation is “any heritable change in the genetic material.” The qualifier “heritable” is necessary because:
A. most changes in the genetic material are harmful to the organism.
B. changes in the genetic material occur without regard to the needs of the organism.
C. most changes in the genetic material are repaired soon after they occur.
D. changes in the genetic material occur at random along the genome.
C. most changes in the genetic material are repaired soon after they occur.
Prophase of meiosis I has some important differences from prophase of mitosis. These differences include: _________ pair, and _________ occurs.
A., chromatids; condensation
B., chromosomes; separation
C., homologous chromosomes; crossing over
D., homologous chromatids; separation
C., homologous chromosomes; crossing over
During meiosis crossing over takes place between:
A., any two chromatids.
B., sister chromatids.
C., non-sister chromatids.
D., nonhomologous chromosomes.
E., nonhomologous chromatids.
C., non-sister chromatids.
In anaphase I of meiosis, most of a chromosome is shaded dark, whereas a portion of what is in the circle is shaded light. Which of the following statements best explains the meaning of this shading?
A., The dark and light indicate homologous chromosomes.
B., The light part came from the homolog by crossing over.
C., The light part is a mixture of genes from both parental types.
D., The light and dark parts are different genes.
B., The light part came from the homolog by crossing over.
When do sister chromatids separate in meiosis?
A. anaphase II
B. telophase I
C. anaphase I
D. metaphase II
A. anaphase II
Which of the following is NOT true about gametes?
A. They are called eggs and sperm in animals.
B. They are formed by meiotic cell division.
C. They have half as many chromosomes as a somatic cell of the same individual.
D. They fuse to form a new organism during fertilization.
E. They are genetically identical to other gametes formed during meiosis.
E. They are genetically identical to other gametes formed during meiosis.
Homologous chromosomes separate from each other in:
A. meiosis I.
B. They never separate from each other during any form of cell division.
C. meiosis II.
D. mitosis.
A. meiosis I.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of meiotic cell division?
A. Cell division results in the formation of four daughter cells.
B. Daughter cells are genetically identical.
C. Cell division results in the production of gametes.
D. Cell division requires two rounds of nuclear division.
B. Daughter cells are genetically identical.
Which one of the following BEST describes genotype-by-environment interactions?
A. The environment of an organism determines the genetic make-up of that organism.
B. Under certain circumstances, two organisms with identical genotypes have different phenotypes.
C. The genotype of an organism determines how that organism will behave in its environment.
D. Genetic and environmental factors combine to influence phenotype.
E. Under certain circumstances, two organisms with identical phenotypes have different genotypes.
D. Genetic and environmental factors combine to influence phenotype.
The genotype of an organism constitutes its observable characteristics.
True
False
False
An organism that has two different alleles of a given gene has a _____ genotype.
heteromorphic
heterozygous
diploid
merozygous
dizygous
heterozygous
