Week 5: Phonology and Phonetics Flashcards
What are the co-articulation effects in French?
- Liaison
- Resyllabification
- Elision
What is liason (French)?
- Written word-final consonants other than c, r, f and l are left latent or mute (they are unpronounced)
- Liaison is the pronunciation of a latent word-final consonant immediately before a following vowel sound or a non-aspirated h
- Basically the whole not pronouncing a consonant at the end of the word unless it’s followed by a vowel idk
More liaison shite for French idk I cba
When (in French) does liaison not occur? Give examples (week 5 video 1)
- Between a non-pronominal noun phrase and the verb
- Between two complements of a ditransitive verb
- Between two complete clauses
- Usually after all singular nouns, although in fixed expressions, singular nouns can allow liaison
What are the co-articulation effects in German?
- Devoicing
- Allophones
When does devoicing take place in German? Give an example word for each
- A voiced consonant in word-final position becomes voiceless
- With consonant clusters (a sequence of more than one consonant)
- In compound words, at the internal word boundary
What are the German allophones?
- [r] - alveolar trill (Southern dialects)
- [ʀ] - uvular trill
- [ʁ] - voiced uvular fricative
The first three are all allophones that occur either as syllable initial or mid-syllable and occur in free variation - [ɐ] in syllable-final position
- [ç] - voiceless palatal fricative in ‘ich’
- [x] - voiceless velar fricative in ‘Nacht’
What are the co-articulation effects in Italian?
- Consonant doubling (gemination)
- Syntactic doubling
- Assimilation
What is syntactic doubling/syntactic gemination? What does it consist of?
- A phenomenon that occurs across word boundaries in Italian, Finnish, and some West Romance languages.
- It consists of the lengthening of the initial consonant in certain contexts
In standard Italian, when does syntactic doubling occur?
- After all stressed (strong) monosyllables and many unstressed (weak) monosyllables
- Andiamo a casa is an exception (the k sound is doubled)
- All polysyllables that are stressed on the final vowel
What monosyllables in Italian do not cause doubling?
- Articles, clitic pronouns and various particles
In terms of assimilation, what is notable about the pronunciation of the Italian phonemes /m/ and /n/? Explain (2) and give an example word for each
- They do not contrast before bilabial stops /p,b/, and labiodental fricatives /f,v/
- When they are followed by bilabial stops, they are pronounced [m]: - imparo [im’pa:ro] - in borsa [im’borsa]
- When they are followed by labiodental fricatives they are pronounced [ɱ] - invece [iɱ’ve:tʃe] - infatti [iɱ’fat:i]
What is assimilation?
When two sound segments occur in sequence and some aspect of one segment is taken or “copied” by the other
What is another allophone of the phoneme /n/ in Italian? Give an example word
- the velar nasal [ŋ] in front of a velar consonant
- banca [‘baŋka]
What are the co-articulation effects in Spanish? (5)
- Pronunciation of b,d,g
- The Spanish r
- The allophones [s] and [z]
- Assimilation
- Nasalization
What happens to the phonemes /b/, /d/ and /g/ in Spanish when they occur after a nasal consonant (/m/ or /n/) or a pause? What about in other phonological contexts? Give an example
- They are pronounced as plosive sounds
- In any other phonological context, they are pronounced with the fricatives [β], [ð and [ɣ] respectively
- e.g candado [kan’daðo] - the first /d/ sound is preceded by a nasal /n/ (hence being pronounced as the allophone /d/ and the second /d/ is intervocalic (hence pronounced as the allophone [ð])
What two allophones does the phoneme /r/ have in Spanish? When do they respectively occur? Give an example word for each
- The trill [r]:
- in word-initial position: rosa [‘rosa]
- when the consonant is doubled: corro [‘koro]
- after /n/, /s/, /l/: sonrisa [son’risa]
- The tap [ɾ]:
- after a plosive or fricative consonant but not /s/: frio [fɾio]
When are the alveolar trill [r] and the alveolar tap [ɾ] in phonemic contrast in Spanish? What does this mean? Give an example
- When they occur word-internally between vowels
- This means that they are phonemes in Spanish
- carro [‘karo] vs caro [‘kaɾo]
In Spanish are the sounds /s/ and /z/ distinctive? What are they allophones of? When do they respectively occur?
- No, they are non-distinctive
- they are allophones of the phoneme /s/
- /s/ -> [z] before a voiced consonant: desde [‘dezde]
- /s/ - [s] elsewhere: saco [‘sako]
In terms of assimilation, what is notable about the three nasal phonemes /m/, /n/, and /ɲ/ in Spanish? (2)
- They maintain their contrast when in syllable-initial position: eg. cama, cana and caña are all different words
- In syllable-final position, this three-way contrast is lost as nasals assimilate to the place of articulation of the following consonant, even across word boundary - thus /n/ is realized as [m] before labial consonants and as [ŋ] before velar ones: un perro [um’pero] and tengo [teŋgo]
When does nasalization occur in Spanish? Give an example
- Phonetic nasalization occurs for vowels that appear between nasal consonants of when preceding a syllable-final nasal (like in English)
- cinco [ˈθĩŋko]
