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Linguistics > Week 4: Phonetics and Phonology > Flashcards

Week 4: Phonetics and Phonology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nucleus of a syllable?

A
  • The vowel or vowel-like sound
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2
Q

What comes before the nucleus of a syllable? (if present)

A

The onset

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3
Q

What comes after the nucleus of a syllable? (if present)

A

The coda

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4
Q

What does the onset of a syllable consist of?

A

All the segments prior to the peak (or nucleus)

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5
Q

What does the coda of a syllable consist of?

A

All of the sound segments of a syllable following its peak

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6
Q

Which is the most prominent, acoustically most intense part of the syllable?

A

The nucleus (or peak)

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7
Q

Give an example of a peak standing alone

A
  • a-way [ə’wei]
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8
Q

Give an example of a peak being surrounded by other sounds

A
  • bring [briŋ]
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9
Q

What are the segments that compose the onset of a syllable?

A

Syllable releasing sounds

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10
Q

What are the segments that compose the coda of a syllable?

A

Syllable arresting sounds

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11
Q

The number of segments that an onset or a coda may contain is regulated by what?

A

The rules of the language in question

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12
Q

What must a syllable contain?

A
  • A vowel or vowel-like sound
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13
Q

What are the 7 most common types of syllable in English? Give examples

A
  • CV - “do” [du:]
  • CVC - “them”[ðem]
  • CCV(C) - “play” [pleɪ]; “plot” [plɒt]
  • CCCV(C) - “street”[stri:t]; “spray”[spreɪ]
  • V - “I” [aɪ]
  • VC - “am”[æm]
  • VCC - “eggs” [egz] or [ɛgz]
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14
Q

Up to how many consonant sounds can English have following the vowel? Give an example

A
  • Four

- sixths [sɪksθs]

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15
Q

What are syllables that do not contain codas called? Give two examples

A
  • open or unchecked syllables

- do [du:], glee [gli:]

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16
Q

What are syllables that contain codas called? Give two examples

A
  • Closed or checked syllables
  • stop [stɒp]
  • window [‘wɪndəʊ]
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17
Q

Syllables that receive stress are what?

A

Strong syllables

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18
Q

What do strong syllables have as their peak?

A

one of the vowel sounds (or a diphthong) but not a schwa [ ə ]

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19
Q

Syllables that do not receive stress are what?

A

Weak syllables

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20
Q

Weak syllables are the ones in which the peak is one of what three things? Give an example for each

A
  • a schwa: better [‘betə]
  • i or u without a coda: happy [‘hæpi]
  • ɪ without a coda and followed by a consonant:
    architect [‘a:kɪtekt]
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21
Q

What is important to know about the stressing of strong and weak syllables?

A

Not all strong syllables are stressed, but all weak syllables are unstressed

22
Q

Define phonetics

A

the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds

23
Q

Define Phonology

A

the study of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language

24
Q

Define Phoneme; what is it? How can we find them?

A
  • Each meaning-distinguishing sound in a language
  • A sound that contrasts with other sounds and gives distinction in meanings.
  • If we substitute one sound for another in a word and there is a change of meaning, then the two sounds represent different phonemes
25
Q

What are minimal pairs? Give an example

A
  • When two words are identical in form except for a contrast in one phoneme occurring in the same position, (the two words are then described as minimal pairs)
  • pat vs. bat - phonemes = /p/ and /b/
26
Q

What is a minimal set?

A

When a group of words can be differentiated by changing one phoneme (e.g big, pig, rig, fig, dig, wig)

27
Q

Allophones of a phoneme are in complementary distribution. What does this mean?

A
  • In a specific environment (or contour) only one of them can occur
28
Q

The phoneme /t/ has what allophones? When does each occur?

A
  • tar [tʰa:] - aspiration of p, t, k in word-initial position or when they are at the beginning of a stressed syllable
  • star [sta:] - unaspirated when p, t, k are mid-syllable or in the coda
29
Q

What allophones does the phoneme /t/ have in certain varieties of English?

A
  • better [beʔɘ] - glottal stop in intervocalic position (between two vowels)
  • better [beɾɘ] - flap in v intervocalic position
30
Q

Phonetic properties such as being voiced, bilabial, alveolar, nasal, approximant, plosive, fricative are distinctive. What does this mean?

A

Their use distinguishes one word from another (these features are information-bearing)

31
Q

Do phonemes have distinctive features?

A

Yes

32
Q

What are non-distinctive features?

A

The set of properties that provide a more detailed description of the pronunciation of a sound, but do not distinguish one sound (or word) from another (they are not information-bearing)

33
Q

Do allophones have distinctive features?

A

No - they have non-distinctive features

34
Q

Do the set of properties that are distinctive and non-distinctive always stay the same?

A

No, they vary from language to language

35
Q

What is notable about I-language and non-distinctive properties?

A
  • Due to I-language, native speakers do not hear the non-distinctive properties but do hear the distinctive ones
36
Q

What can we say a phoneme is rather than a sound?

A

An abstract psychological unit

37
Q

Explain the reason why people can understand each other when speakers never pronounce the same phoneme in the same way

A
  • The speaker and hearer have a mental pattern or template of the sound. Speakers attempt to match their production to this mental pattern and hearers match incoming sounds to their mental pattern
  • These patterns are the distinctive properties of the language
38
Q

How do speakers pronounce non-native words?

A

They match sounds that do not occur in their own language with the closest ones that do e.g speakers of English replace French nasalized vowels with a vowel-plus-nasal sequence

39
Q

What are the co-articulation effects?

A
  • Aspiration - like tar vs star
  • Assimilation
  • Nasalization
  • Elision
  • Unstressed vowels (?)
  • Intrusive [r] (insertion)
40
Q

What is assimilation? Give an example

A
  • Two segments occur in sequence and some features of one segment are “copied” by the other
  • cats vs dogs (the s in cats sound is unvoiced while the s in dogs in voiced because of the consonants that respectively proceed the s)
41
Q

What is an example of progressive assimilation?

A
  • cats and dogs
42
Q

Give an example of regressive assimilation

A

“I have to go” ends up become ahaFtugo

43
Q

What is progressive assimilation

A

Where the sound before passes features onto the following sound

44
Q

What is regressive assimilation?

A

When the sound after passes features onto the sound before

45
Q

When does nasalization occur in terms of vowels?

A

Any vowel becomes nasal whenever it immediately precedes a nasal consonant in the same syllable

46
Q

What is elision?

A

The process of not pronouncing a sound segment that might be present in the deliberately careful pronunciation of a word in isolation
- eg. he must be becomes he mus be

47
Q

What happens when a vowel is reduced in English?

A
  • It is represented by the allophone [ə], the schwa

- man vs postman (sounds more like postmun)

48
Q

What is the schwa an allophone of?

A

All the vowel phonemes when the syllable is unstressed

49
Q

What is the intrusive r a type of?

A

Insertion

50
Q

When does the intrusive r occur?

A

At the end of a word that ends in a non-high vowel sound and that is followed closely by a word beginning with a vowel sound

Linguistics (9 decks)

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