Week 3: Phonetics and Phonology Flashcards
What is the voiceless palatal fricative seen in German but not in English? What is it called? What is its symbol? Give an example of a word in which it is used
- Ich-laut
- [ç]
- Ich (“I” in German)
What is the voiceless velar fricative seen in German but not in English? What is it called? What is its symbol? Give an example of a word in which it is used
- Ach-laut
- [x]
- Nacht (“Night” in German)
In German, [ç] and [x] are allophones. What does this mean?
They occur in complementary distribution
In German, when does the allophone [x] occur? Give two examples
- after back vowels and /a/ or /aː/
- Tochter “daughter”
- Kuchen “cake”
When does the allophone [ç] occur? Give two examples
- After front vowels and consonants
- mich “me”, “myself”
- Furcht “fear”
Where is the uvular ʀ sound found in German?
- At the beginning of a word
- At the beginning of a syllable
- After a consonant
What is a glottal stop? Where is it found in German? (2) What is its symbol?
- A complete closure of the vocal folds in the glottis
- It is found before a vowel at the beginning of a word
- Inside a word that begins with a prefix, if the second part of the compound begins with a vowel
- [ʔ]
What are the two distinct German affricates? What is notable about them? What does the place in which they are articulated mean?
- [pf] like in Pferd (horse)
- [ts] like in zehn (ten)
- They are two affricate sounds together
- They are homorganic (they share the same or have a very close place of articulation
Are all affricates homorganic?
Yes
What are the vowels in German that aren’t in English?
- i
- y
- ø
- ɛ
- œ
- a?
- ʏ
- ɐ
Which German vowels can be prolonged?
aː uː iː eː ɛː oː øː yː
Which German vowels are ones we haven’t seen before (as in they aren’t in French or English) Give an example for each
- ʏ - Müller [mʏlɐ]
- ɐ - Lehrer [leːʀɐ]
What are the rounded vowels produced in german? Which vowels do they come from?
- i - becomes - y
- ɪ - becomes - ʏ
- ɛ - becomes - œ
- ʌ - becomes - ɔ
- e - becomes - ø
What are the three frequent diphthongs in German? Give an example word for each
- ɑɪ - weiter [ˈvɑitɐ]
- ɑʊ - raus [ʀɑʊs]
- ɔʏ - neu [nɔʏ]
What are the six consonants found in Italian but not in English? Give an example word for each
- The palatal nasal sound ɲ - ogni [ˈoɲɲi]
- The labiodental nasal sound ɱ - infatti [iɱfɑtti]
- The lateral approximate palatal sound ʎ - aglio [aʎʎo]
- The palatal plosive sound c - chiesa [ˈcjeza]
- The palatal plosive sound ɟ - ghiro [ˈɟiːro]
- The alveolar trill /r/ - ricco [‘rikko]
What happens when a velar plosive is followed by the front vowel /i/ or the semi vowel /j/? What is this phenomenon called?
- The place of articulation gets closer to the palate and produces the sounds /c/ and /ɟ/
- Palatalization
When is the trill /r/ reduced to a single vibration?
When it is in the middle of a syllable, it’s not word initial and not doubled
What four affricates appear in Italian? Give an example word for each
- /ts/ - zio [‘tsio]
- /dz/ - zaino [dzaino]
- /tʃ/ - [‘tʃi:ma]
- /dʒ/ - girare [dʒ’ra:re]
What feature does Italian have that no other language you study at the minute have? What does this mean? Give an example word
- Gemination
- Means that some consonant sounds with be doubled
For fricatives and nasals, what will a geminate be? give an example
- A longer form of the corresponding simple consonant
- avo [‘a:vo]
For stops or plosives, how is a geminate produced? How is the consonant sound geminated? Give an example word
- A geminate is produced as two discrete articulations of the consonant in question, with the first being unreleased (having no audible release burst)
- The consonant sound is geminated by preparing for the articulation of the plosive and then releasing the same sound after a short pause
gatto [gatto]
How is gemination represented? Give an example word
- With a double consonant symbol or with a colon
- caccia [kattʃa] or [kat:ʃa]
What are the other languages that present consonant gemination?
- Arabic
- Maltese
- Catalan
- Danish
- Estonian
- Finnish
- Classical Hebrew
- Hungarian
- Japanese
- Latin
How common is vowel gemination in comparison with consonant gemination?
Vowel gemination is much more frequent
What consonant sounds in Italian are longer depending on their position?
- /ʃ/
- /ʎ/
- /ɲ/
- /ts/
- /dz/
expand from week three italian part one (couldn’t be arsed before)
What are the vowels sounds that are not distinguished in English but are in Italian?
- e - vero [‘ve:ro]
- ɛ - ecco [‘ɛkko]
There’s more stuff on Italian vowels but I couldn’t be bothered
What are the diphthongs found in Italian? - didn’t finish cause I couldn’t be arsed
Remember hiatus as well
What are the - consonants that appear in Spanish but not in English? Give an example word for each
- The palatal nasal sound /ɲ/ - as in niños [‘niɲos]
- The bilabial fricative /β/ - as in favor [fa’βor]
- The velar fricative /x/ - as in bajo [‘βaxo]
- The velar fricative /ɤ/ - as in agua [‘aɤwa]
- The palatal fricative sound /ʝ/
- The palatal approximant sound /j/
- The palatal lateral approximant sound /ʎ/
add more from week 3 vid 3 cause I cba - The alveolar trill /r/
- The alveolar flap /ɾ/
Spanish vowels with examples
What vowels are considered strong in Spanish?
- a
- e
- o
What vowels are considered weak in Spanish?
- i
- u
What are the combinations of weak and strong vowels in Spanish that make diphthongs?
- Strong + weak: [ai]
- Weak + strong: [ja], [je], [jo], [ju], [wa], [we], [wo], [wi]
What happens when two strong vowels come together in Spanish? What is this called?
The two vowels don’t form a diphthong and are considered as two separate syllables
- Hiatus
