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Linguistics > Week 3: Phonetics and Phonology > Flashcards

Week 3: Phonetics and Phonology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the voiceless palatal fricative seen in German but not in English? What is it called? What is its symbol? Give an example of a word in which it is used

A
  • Ich-laut
  • [ç]
  • Ich (“I” in German)
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2
Q

What is the voiceless velar fricative seen in German but not in English? What is it called? What is its symbol? Give an example of a word in which it is used

A
  • Ach-laut
  • [x]
  • Nacht (“Night” in German)
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3
Q

In German, [ç] and [x] are allophones. What does this mean?

A

They occur in complementary distribution

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4
Q

In German, when does the allophone [x] occur? Give two examples

A
  • after back vowels and /a/ or /aː/
  • Tochter “daughter”
  • Kuchen “cake”
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5
Q

When does the allophone [ç] occur? Give two examples

A
  • After front vowels and consonants
  • mich “me”, “myself”
  • Furcht “fear”
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6
Q

Where is the uvular ʀ sound found in German?

A
  • At the beginning of a word
  • At the beginning of a syllable
  • After a consonant
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7
Q

What is a glottal stop? Where is it found in German? (2) What is its symbol?

A
  • A complete closure of the vocal folds in the glottis
  • It is found before a vowel at the beginning of a word
  • Inside a word that begins with a prefix, if the second part of the compound begins with a vowel
  • [ʔ]
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8
Q

What are the two distinct German affricates? What is notable about them? What does the place in which they are articulated mean?

A
  • [pf] like in Pferd (horse)
  • [ts] like in zehn (ten)
  • They are two affricate sounds together
  • They are homorganic (they share the same or have a very close place of articulation
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9
Q

Are all affricates homorganic?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What are the vowels in German that aren’t in English?

A
  • i
  • y
  • ø
  • ɛ
  • œ
  • a?
  • ʏ
  • ɐ
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11
Q

Which German vowels can be prolonged?

A 
aː
uː
iː
eː
ɛː
oː
øː
yː
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12
Q

Which German vowels are ones we haven’t seen before (as in they aren’t in French or English) Give an example for each

A
  • ʏ - Müller [mʏlɐ]

- ɐ - Lehrer [leːʀɐ]

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13
Q

What are the rounded vowels produced in german? Which vowels do they come from?

A
  • i - becomes - y
  • ɪ - becomes - ʏ
  • ɛ - becomes - œ
  • ʌ - becomes - ɔ
  • e - becomes - ø
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14
Q

What are the three frequent diphthongs in German? Give an example word for each

A
  • ɑɪ - weiter [ˈvɑitɐ]
  • ɑʊ - raus [ʀɑʊs]
  • ɔʏ - neu [nɔʏ]
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15
Q

What are the six consonants found in Italian but not in English? Give an example word for each

A
  • The palatal nasal sound ɲ - ogni [ˈoɲɲi]
  • The labiodental nasal sound ɱ - infatti [iɱfɑtti]
  • The lateral approximate palatal sound ʎ - aglio [aʎʎo]
  • The palatal plosive sound c - chiesa [ˈcjeza]
  • The palatal plosive sound ɟ - ghiro [ˈɟiːro]
  • The alveolar trill /r/ - ricco [‘rikko]
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16
Q

What happens when a velar plosive is followed by the front vowel /i/ or the semi vowel /j/? What is this phenomenon called?

A
  • The place of articulation gets closer to the palate and produces the sounds /c/ and /ɟ/
  • Palatalization
17
Q

When is the trill /r/ reduced to a single vibration?

A

When it is in the middle of a syllable, it’s not word initial and not doubled

18
Q

What four affricates appear in Italian? Give an example word for each

A
  • /ts/ - zio [‘tsio]
  • /dz/ - zaino [dzaino]
  • /tʃ/ - [‘tʃi:ma]
  • /dʒ/ - girare [dʒ’ra:re]
19
Q

What feature does Italian have that no other language you study at the minute have? What does this mean? Give an example word

A
  • Gemination

- Means that some consonant sounds with be doubled

20
Q

For fricatives and nasals, what will a geminate be? give an example

A
  • A longer form of the corresponding simple consonant

- avo [‘a:vo]

21
Q

For stops or plosives, how is a geminate produced? How is the consonant sound geminated? Give an example word

A
  • A geminate is produced as two discrete articulations of the consonant in question, with the first being unreleased (having no audible release burst)
  • The consonant sound is geminated by preparing for the articulation of the plosive and then releasing the same sound after a short pause
    gatto [gatto]
22
Q

How is gemination represented? Give an example word

A
  • With a double consonant symbol or with a colon

- caccia [kattʃa] or [kat:ʃa]

23
Q

What are the other languages that present consonant gemination?

A
  • Arabic
  • Maltese
  • Catalan
  • Danish
  • Estonian
  • Finnish
  • Classical Hebrew
  • Hungarian
  • Japanese
  • Latin
24
Q

How common is vowel gemination in comparison with consonant gemination?

A

Vowel gemination is much more frequent

25
Q

What consonant sounds in Italian are longer depending on their position?

A
  • /ʃ/
  • /ʎ/
  • /ɲ/
  • /ts/
  • /dz/
    expand from week three italian part one (couldn’t be arsed before)
26
Q

What are the vowels sounds that are not distinguished in English but are in Italian?

A
  • e - vero [‘ve:ro]

- ɛ - ecco [‘ɛkko]

27
Q

There’s more stuff on Italian vowels but I couldn’t be bothered

A
28
Q

What are the diphthongs found in Italian? - didn’t finish cause I couldn’t be arsed

A
29
Q

Remember hiatus as well

A
30
Q

What are the - consonants that appear in Spanish but not in English? Give an example word for each

A
  • The palatal nasal sound /ɲ/ - as in niños [‘niɲos]
  • The bilabial fricative /β/ - as in favor [fa’βor]
  • The velar fricative /x/ - as in bajo [‘βaxo]
  • The velar fricative /ɤ/ - as in agua [‘aɤwa]
  • The palatal fricative sound /ʝ/
  • The palatal approximant sound /j/
  • The palatal lateral approximant sound /ʎ/
    add more from week 3 vid 3 cause I cba
  • The alveolar trill /r/
  • The alveolar flap /ɾ/
31
Q

Spanish vowels with examples

A
32
Q

What vowels are considered strong in Spanish?

A
  • a
  • e
  • o
33
Q

What vowels are considered weak in Spanish?

A
  • i

- u

34
Q

What are the combinations of weak and strong vowels in Spanish that make diphthongs?

A
  • Strong + weak: [ai]

- Weak + strong: [ja], [je], [jo], [ju], [wa], [we], [wo], [wi]

35
Q

What happens when two strong vowels come together in Spanish? What is this called?

A

The two vowels don’t form a diphthong and are considered as two separate syllables
- Hiatus

Linguistics (9 decks)

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