Week 5: Part 1: Representations, Myths and Erasures Flashcards
Masculinization Thesis
discussion of how women are portrayed and considered by the courts, media and society in general
Victimization-criminalization continuum
- The victimization-criminalization continuum challenges victims and offenders
- Kaiser-derrick says that it recognizes women’s criminality as ‘connected to their experiences of victimization, and that women’s responses to victimization can lead to criminalization
Factors that Impact Victimization and Criminalization in lives of women
History of Abuse
Factors that Impact Victimization and Criminalization in lives of women
Racism and Discrimination
- 10% of incarcerated women were black
- Indigenous women were over-represented within prison populations (provincially and federally)
Factors that Impact Victimization and Criminalization in lives of women
Drug and Alcohol Abuse
- Most incarcerated women histories include substance abuse
- 79% male youth cannabis related cases
- 66% female youth cannabis related cases
Factors that Impact Victimization and Criminalization in lives of women
Poverty & Financial Stress
- 1 in 7 live in poverty
- 1 in 5 women live at or below poverty
- 2.5 million women were living in poverty during 1993/1994
Two decades later 21% women were single mothers living in poverty (average income $42,300) - Financial strain and criminal behaviour (shoplifting, drug importation, drug trafficking)
Factors that Impact Victimization and Criminalization in lives of women
Education Level
- 59% women employed with high school diploma, 38% employment for women with some high school education
- 2015 - 69.3% women employed high school diploma, 83.1 employment for women with university degree; men 81.9% with high school diploma employed, 89.9% with university degree
- 80% of incarcerated women were unemployed (1996) compared to men at 54%
- ⅓ or 35% of women in provincial facilities had a grade 9 education or less and about half of federal inmates (48%) had grade 9 education or less
Factors that Impact Victimization and Criminalization in lives of women
Relationship Violence
- Spouses - 45% to abuse
- Friends/acquaintances - 27%
- Strangers - 16%
- Non-spousal family members - 12%
- National average of relationship violence was 252.9 per 100,000 (Ontario 166.9 per 100,000)
- Ottawa had the highest (327.9 per 100,000)