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Human Biology > Week 5: Nervous System > Flashcards

Week 5: Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The 2 basic cell types of nervous tissue

A

Neurons (electrical conduits)

  • sensory
  • motor
  • inter-neurons

Glial cells (supporting cells)

  • Phagocytes (immune cells)
  • insulation (myelin)
  • support and protect neurons
  • produce growth factors
  • Do not transfer information
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2
Q

What does amitotic mean

A

The can’t divide or repair

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3
Q

The 4 components of the synapse

A
  • Synaptic vesicles (containing neurotransmitter)
  • pre-synaptic neuron
  • synaptic cleft
  • post-synaptic membrane`
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4
Q

What are the 2 biogenic amines: potent neurotransmitters

A

Catcholamines
-Norepinephrine, Dopamine

Indolamines
-Seratonin

(More info on slides (chemical synapses and neurotransmitters)

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5
Q

Difference between chemical and voltage gated channels

A

Chemical:
-Open in response to binding of appropriate neurotransmitter

Voltage:
-Open in response to changes in membrane potential

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6
Q

What is Depolarisation and Hyperpolarisation relative to the Resting membrane potential

A
  1. depolarization = membrane potential becomes less
    negative than -70mV (up to +30mV)
  2. hyperpolarization = membrane potential becomes more
    negative than -70mV
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7
Q

Two types of signals

A
  • Graded potential: short distance

- Action potential: long distance signals of axons

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8
Q

Generating the action potential

A

An action potential is a brief reversal of membrane
potential (in nerves also called a ‘nerve impulse’
• Resting state: All gated Na+ and K+ are closed.
• Depolarisation: Na+ channels open, at threshold becomes self generating
– Positive feedback
• Repolarisation: Na+ are inactivating, K+ channels open
• Hyperpolarisation: Some K+ remain open, Na+ channels reset.

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9
Q

The action potential

A

• Stimulus must initially reach a “trigger” potential (- 55mV).
• Large change in membrane potential then spreads down entire length of
axon (all or nothing “domino” effect).
• Magnitude is sustained with time and distance.

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10
Q

Structural region of the brain

A
  • Ventricles
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
  • Brain stem
  • Cerebellum
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11
Q

Structure of the cerebrum

A
  • Largest brain component (83%)
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Cerebral white matter
  • Basal nuclei
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12
Q

Functions of the cerebral cortex

A 
Consciousness
voluntary movement
communication
understanding
intelligence/reasoning/logical thought
memory
personality
morals, beliefs, values
social behaviour
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13
Q

Cerebral cortex - functional domains

A
  • Comprised of gray matter
  • 2-4mm thick containing billions of nerve cells arranged in 6 layers
  • 40% of total brain mass
  • all neurons in the cortex are interneurons

3 functional domains

  • motor
  • sensory
  • associated
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14
Q

Sensory cortex function

A
  • Somatory (skin, proprioceptors, feeling)
  • visual
  • auditory
  • vestibular (balance)
  • olfactory (smell)
  • Gustatory (taste)
  • Visceral (sensations)
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15
Q

Multimodal association areas function

A

Anterior association area (prefrontal cortex)

  • Working memory (comprehension of abstract ideas, judgement, reasoning, persistence, planning)
  • Maturation dependent on social environment feedback

Posterior association area

  • Combines temporal, parietal and occipital lobes
  • pattern and face recognition
  • spatial awareness
  • combining sensory inputs
  • comprehension of written and spoken language

Limbic association area

  • Emotional impact
  • Memories
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16
Q

lateralisation of cortical functioning

A

Lateralisation

  • We use both hemispheres for most activities
  • But there is a division of labour
Cerebral dominance (language)
- One cerebral hemisphere will dominate in each task

Most individuals with left cerebral dominance are right handed.

17
Q

What three different fibres is cerebral white matter composed of

A

Commissural fibres
Association fibres
Projection fibres

18
Q

3 paired structures of Diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
epithalamus

19
Q

Thalamus function

A

Makes up 80% of the diencephalon

Relay station into the cerebral cortex

20
Q

Hypothalamus function

A 
Most important section
Control centre of the body (homeostasis)
-Autonomic nervous system
-Physical responses to emotion
-Body temperature regulation
-Food intake regulation
-Water balance and thirst
-sleep-wake cycles
-endocrine system control
21
Q

epithalamus function

A

Dorsal portion of diencephalon
contains the pineal gland
-secretes melatonin hormone
-controls sleep-wake cycles

22
Q

Brain stem function

A 
Produces the rigidly programmed, automatic behaviours necessary for survival
Has 3 sections
-Midbrain (top of stem)
- Pons (bridge)
-Medulla oblongata
23
Q

Midbrain and pons function

A 
Midbrain
Houses cerebral aqueduct
involved in pain suppression
linked to 'fight-or-flight' response
substantia nigra releases dopamine
red nuclei: descending motor pathway causing limb flexion

Pons
chiefly composed of conduction tracks

24
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Blends into the spinal cord at its base
Contains the decussation of the pyramids

Function
autonomic reflex centre involved in maintaining homeostasis
-Cardiovascular - heartbeat, blood pressure
-Respiratory system - Breathing
-other responses such as hiccups and vomitting

25
Q

Cerebellum processing

A 
voluntary muscle contractions
proprioceptions
co-ordination
autopilot
cognition (thinking, language, emotion)
26
Q

Limbic system

A

Medial aspect of each cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon

Emotion

27
Q

Major structures of limbic system

A

Amygdala
-response to threats

Hippocampus - memory centre

  • consolidation of short-term to long-term memories
  • spatial memory
28
Q

Protective mechanisms of the brain

A

Bone
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
blood brain barrier

29
Q

Meninges detail

A 
three connective tissue membranes
-external to interal are the:
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia Mater
30
Q

Blood brain Barrier (BBB) Detail

A
  • BBB maintains the brain’s stable environment.
  • Due to capillaries in the brain having exceptionally impermeable tight junctions between the capillary endothelial cells.

more detail on slide)

31
Q

3 main points PNS includes (Peripheral nervous system)

A

Sensory receptors
Peripheral nerves
efferent motor endings

32
Q

PNS sensory receptors: 4 stimulas types

A 
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
photoreceptors
chemoreceptors
nocireceptors (pain)
33
Q

PNS Sensory receptors location

A 
Exteroceptors
- touch pressure pain temperature
interoceptors
- Chemical changes
proprioceptors
- skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments and connective tissue covering bone and muscle
34
Q

Peripheral nerve structure 3 layers

A 
endoneurium
- delicate layer of loose connective tissue
Perineurium
- coarser connective tissue wrapping
epineurium
- tough fibrous sheath
35
Q

The autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis by which two opposing branches

A 
sympathetic branch (voluntary control, fight or flight)
parasympathetic branch (involuntary control)

Human Biology (10 decks)

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