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Human Biology > Week 4 - Joints and movement/Muscle > Flashcards

Week 4 - Joints and movement/Muscle Flashcards

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1
Q

What two functions do joints have?

A

Hold bones together

Facilitate movement

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2
Q

What are the structural classification of joints?

A
  • Fibrous connective tissue (for strength and support)
  • Cartilage (For cushioning and strength and flexibility)
  • Mixture of both plus a special fluid (synovial fluid) (Synovial joint for cushioning and lubrication of joint)
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3
Q

Characteristics of fibrous joints

A
  • No joint cavity
  • Collagen fibres extend from matrix of one bone to another
  • Amount of movement within the joint depends on the length of collagen fibre
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4
Q

what are the 3 different fibrous joints

A
  • Suture (skulls bony joints)
  • Syndesmosis (Ligaments)
  • Gomphosis (Peg in socket, Teeth)
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5
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

symphyses (Pubic, pelvic)

synchondroses (hyaline cartilage) Bone, Cartilage, bone

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6
Q

Characteristics of synovial joint

A
  • Most common
  • Articulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity
  • Lubricated by synovial fluid
  • Enclosed in a double layered fibrous capsule
  • Reinforced by ligaments
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7
Q

5 Basic components of synovial joint

A
  1. Articular cartilage (hyaline)
  2. Synovial cavity
  3. Articular capsule
    - outer fibrous layer
    - inner synovial membrane
  4. synovial fluid
    - secreted by the synovial membrane
    - plus hyaluronic acid plus phagocytes
    - traps water in synovial cavity
  5. Ligaments (“Strap-like” tissue)
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8
Q

Difference between tendons and ligaments

A

Tendons hold muscle to bone

Ligaments hold bone to bone

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9
Q

3 types of functional classification of joints

A
  • Synarthroses
    • Syn = together
    • immovable
  • Amphiarthroses
  • -Amphi = both sides
  • -Slightly moveable
  • Diarthroses
    • Dia = apart
    • Freely moveable
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10
Q

Angular movement in bones (increase or decrease angle between two bones) terms

A
  1. Flexion/Extension
    - Usually along the sagittal plane
    - Flexion decreases angle
    - Extension increases angle
  2. Abduction/adduction
    - Abduct = take away
    - Adduct = bring closer
  3. Circumduction/Rotation

Others

  • Supination (turning outwards/supine)
  • Pronation (turning inwards/prone)
  • Dorsiflexion (lifting the foot up)
  • Plantar flexion (pointing the toe)
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11
Q

4 Characteristics of muscle tissue

A

Excitability

Contractility

Extensibility

Elasticity

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12
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A
  1. Skeletal: striated, voluntary control, get tired
  2. Cardiac muscle: striated, involuntary control (heart)
  3. Smooth muscle: non-striated, involuntary control
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13
Q

the 3 sarcomere protein composition

A

Contractile proteins
- myosin and actin

Regulatory proteins

  • switch contraction on and off
  • troponin and tropomyosin

Structural proteins

  • provide correct alignment
  • elasticity and extensibility
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14
Q

the 2 regulatory proteins

A

troponin and tropomyosin

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15
Q

Thick filaments characteristics

A
  • Myosin filaments
  • 2 Globular heads
  • Heads face outwards
  • Bind to Actin!
  • ATP binding site
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16
Q

Composition of thin filaments

A
  • mainly Actin
  • Tropomyosin
  • Troponin
17
Q

Resting membrane potential Definition

A

Due to the selective permeability of the plasma membrane, the inside of the cell is negatively charged compared with the outside.

  • -70mV inside is more negative
18
Q

Nerve impulses are also known as

A

Action potential

19
Q

Hypertrophy characteristics

A

(Hyper = Too much)

  • Increase in diameter of muscle fibres
  • Resulting from forceful, repetitive muscular activity
  • increase in cell size, not cell number
20
Q

Atrophy characteristics

A

(A = lacking, without/ trophy = nourishment)

  • Wasting away of muscles
  • Caused by disuse or damage to nerve supply
  • can be irreversible in some cases
21
Q

Cardiac muscle characteristics

A
  • Only found in the heart
  • Involuntary control
  • Striations present
  • Short, Branching shape
  • One or two nuclei per cell
22
Q

Smooth Muscle Characteristics

A
  • Involuntary control
  • one nucleus per cell
  • No striations
  • Spindle=shaped
  • lines hollow organs and tubes
23
Q

Types of smooth muscle

A

Unitary smooth muscle

  • Most common
  • In the walls or all hallow organs except heart

Multi unit smooth muscle

  • Gap junctions and spontaneous depolarisations are rare
  • Muscle fibres that are structurally independent
  • Large airways to lungs, large arteries, arrector pili, internal eye mucles

Human Biology (10 decks)

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