Week 5 - Language and Thought Flashcards
According to the video, how was Koshik able to speak?
a) He used a combination of low frequency rumbles and cries to convey information.
b) He used his mouth the same way humans do.
c) He had to use his trunk to manipulate his mouth.
d) He used his trunk to gesture, or sign, information.
c) He had to use his trunk to manipulate his mouth.
Which option below would best match your prediction for how children’s search techniques will change if they had a blue wall as an orientation cue?
a) They relied on the shape of the room to find the object and show no improvement.
b) They search all corners equally and are guessing.
c) They choose the correct corner because the blue wall acts as a cue.
d) They do worse than before the blue wall is disorienting.
a) They relied on the shape of the room to find the object and show no improvement.
why?
Children at this age have not yet developed language and associative skills and are therefore less capable of naturally creating representations or fully linking one thing (blue wall) to another (reward corner) at this stage.
The child in the video, Xander, is eventually able to map the dots on the paper to the buckets in the room. Dr. Spelke is arguing that Xander is able to do this because language is already operating as:
a) Mental patterns
b) Internal explanations
c) Symbols
d) Sensory stimulation
c) Symbols
Researchers believe that Koshik primarily used language to do which of the following?
a) Observing the behaviour of trainers and making suggestions
b) Discussing his emotions of loneliness and need for connection
c) To mimic sounds that he overheard
d) All of the above
c) To mimic sounds that he overheard
Similar to Koshik, Chaser is good at identifying words his owner speaks and knows 1000 English words. If Chaser is only memorising words, never creating or conveying new pieces of information, Chaser is not demonstrating:
a) Memory
b) Productivity
c) Representations
d) Grammar
b) Productivity
Other non-human animals, such as chimpanzees, have been shown to name objects. If chimpanzees can name things, recognise objects, and remember symbols for items, which aspect of our language are they failing to exhibit?
a) Concept representation
b) Object naming
c) Persuasion
d) Concept transformation
a) Concept representation
Vietnamese is a tonal language that primarily rely on pitch and inflection for which of the following?
a) Specifying word meaning
b) Conveying emotional information
c) For indicating who the speaker is talking to
d) For emphasising importance
a) Specifying word meaning
grammar
The general rules of a language
syntax
Structure and order of words within a language
Birth - 3 months
Makes cooing and gurgling noise
Orients towards noise
4 - 6 months
Babbles and cries expressively
Mimics other sounds
Responds to their name
Early signs of vowel and consonant sounds
7 - 18 months
Copies gestures
Gestures meaningfully (pointing finger)
Less sensitive to nonnative vowel and consonant sounds
Responds to simple gestures and comprehends “no”
Tries to mimic words
Simple one-word phrases (“bye-bye” or “mama”)
Will have learned approx. 50 words and gain approx. 6/day
2 - 3 years
Matches objects to name Uses 2-4 word sentences Follows multi-step instructions Understands prepositions (“the ball is in the box) Uses full sentences to communicate
4 - 5 years
Correctly uses simple grammar rules (“he/she”, “was/will be”) Memorises and recites simple songs (“Patty Cake” or “Months of the Year”) Speech becomes more clear Uses full sentences and can tell short stories
Genie Wiley, a subject of a notorious case study, was an adolescent girl, isolated most of her young life with limited exposure to language or motor movement (Frompkin et al., 1974). A group of psychologists intensively worked with Genie to teach her language and communication skills; however, it was ruled that Genie would never progress to a level typical for her age. If her limitations were caused from the lack of exposure during early development, her inability to learn from exposure later in life reflects her missing a _____ in development.
a) Sensitive period
b) Critical period
c) Generalisation period
d) Acquisition stage
b) Critical period
Match the belief statement regarding language development to the correct field.
- behaviourist, emergentist, nativist
“A person will express a verbal behaviour if they are rewarded for it.”
“Humans’ language development is constrained by the biological structure of the brain”
“Humans have a unique¸ biological capacity for language and exposure¸ social pressures¸ and culture can interact with how language develops.”
Behaviourist - “A person will express a verbal behaviour if they are rewarded for it.”
Nativist - “Humans’ language development is constrained by the biological structure of the brain”
Emergentist - “Humans have a unique¸ biological capacity for language and exposure¸ social pressures¸ and culture can interact with how language develops.”
Congresswoman Gabby Giffords has a difficult time producing motor movements to form language; she is suffering from:
a) Alanguage aphasia
b) Broca’s aphasia
c) Mutism
d) Atypical language development
b) Broca’s aphasia
non-fluent aphasia
If Giffords is primarily experiencing language difficulties, which hemisphere of the brain was damaged?
a) Left
b) Right
c) Neither
d) Both hemispheres were damaged, incapacitating all of her language processing
a) Left
According the video, how is Giffords able to improve her speech?
a) The brain mainly needed time to heal from the physical damage.
b) Language is an isolated function, so doctors had her relearn words to improve rote memorisation.
c) The language difficulties were caused by facial muscles not working, as the muscles her heal, her speech returns.
d) Therapists capitalised on the representational nature of language and incorporated music therapy to guide her speech.
d) Therapists capitalised on the representational nature of language and incorporated music therapy to guide her speech.
In the video, Byron is able to produce language sounds easily, but his ____ is impaired.
a) Memory
b) Speech memory
c) Vocal tracts
d) Word production
b) Speech memory
Wernicke’s aphasia primarily disrupts speech ____, whereas Broca’s aphasia primarily disrupts speech ____.
a) Prosody, production
b) Production, prosody
c) Meaning, production
d) Production, meaning
c) Meaning, production
According to the video, which non-language area of the brain is connected to Broca’s area and might help explain why patients with Broca’s aphasia struggle to physically produce speech?
a) Wernicke’s area
b) Motor cortex
c) Temporal lobe
d) Sensory cortex
b)Motor cortex
After suffering from a stroke, Marie can process sounds and understands spoken language but struggles to produce sentences in her normal, rhythmic pattern. Which hemisphere was most likely damaged?
a) The left side
b) The right side
c) Both hemispheres
d) The left temporal lobe
b) The right side
isn’t this the left? check this one
