Week 5: Haemodynamic and Vascular Disease

Question 1

Infarction

Answer 1

Area of necrosis

Question 2

congestion

Answer 2

Passive build-up of blood within a vessel, which increases hydrostatic pressure

Question 3

oedema

Answer 3

Increased fluid in the interstitial tissue

Question 4

effusion

Answer 4

Increased fluid in a body cavity

Question 5

transudate

Answer 5

Low protein oedematous fluid caused by increased hydrostatic pressure &/or reduced colloidal osmotic/oncotic pressure

Question 6

Ischaemia

Answer 6

Ischemia- loss of blood supply. Disruption in blood supply.

Causes necrosis (ischaemic infarction or haemorrhage leading to infarct)

Question 7

Haemorrhage

Answer 7

Loss of blood (all of the constituents) from a damaged vessel, the blood may be lost outside of the body, into surrounding tissue or into a body cavity

Question 8

Haematoma

Answer 8

Bruise or accumulation of blood constituents in a tissue, organ or body cavity (typically used to describe a large accumulation).

Question 9

thrombus

Answer 9

Blood clot attached to the wall (vessel/heart chamber)

Question 10

embolus

Answer 10

Anything undissolved travelling in the blood

Undissolved mass travelling in the blood. E.g. Pieces of blood clot/thrombus that has broken off (thromboembolism); clumps of cancer cells; clumps of microbes (septic); gas bubbles (air, nitrogen); droplets of fat; amniotic fluid; foreign material.

Question 11

aneurysm

Answer 11

Localised abnormal ballooning out or dilatation of part of a vessel/ventricle wall

Question 12

atheroma

Answer 12

Sclerotic plaque which represents an area of chronic inflammation within the wall of an artery

Question 13

atherosclerosis

Answer 13

The process of atheroma formation (see above)

ATHEROMA = Sclerotic plaque in an artery
Athero- = Arterial
Sclero- = Hardening
-osis = Process of
ATHEROSCLEROSIS = The chronic inflammatory process within the wall of an artery (ongoing injury, attempts at repair, inflammatory cells plus oxidised lipids & Ca2+crystals). Typically affects the intima of an artery

Risk factors for development:
1. Age, Male gender
2. Genetics
3. smoking, diabetes, systemic hypertension, hyperlipidaemia/ dyslipidaemia, visceral adiposity
4. infection, immune/ autoimmune process

Vascular pathology predisposes to:
Haemorrhage, thrombus, embolus. (aneurism could burst haemorrhage, thrombus embolus)

Atherosclerosis:
1.  Reduced vascular elasticity  atherosclerosis vascular pathology

a. Thrombus.
b. Embolus
c. Aneurysm

 Increased vascular resistance 
 Swelling/bleeding in plaque 

Question 14

Hypertension (pulmonary vs systemic)

Answer 14

Higher than normal blood pressure.

Normal should be a systolic verses diastolic reading of 120/80 (but many of us vary). Important to know where you sit- some is just genetic predisposition. Different causes, locations, vessel type and therefore outcomes/ complications

1. Systemic: High blood pressure in our systemic circuit.
2. Pulmonary: high BP in pulmonary circuit. Risk for right sided heart failure
3. Portal : high BP in portal circuit (liver disease relates)

Question 15

stasis

Answer 15

Not moving (shouldn’t happen in arteries but can happen in vein)

Vein= low pressure

Arteries= high pressure

Question 16

hypercoagulability

Answer 16

Hyper= excessive
Coagulation of blood and abnormal blood flow (this can trigger endothelial injury and visa versa)