Week 5 - Developmental Aspects of Lung Disease

Question 1

What are common upper resp. tract congenital abnormalities?

Answer 1

• laryngomalacia,
• tracheomalacia,
• tracheo-oesophageal fistula

Question 2

what is laryngomalacia?

Answer 2

curved epiglottis so airway is narrower. stridor, worse when feeding or crying. improves in 1st year

Question 3

What is tracheomalacia and some causes?

Answer 3

floppiness of trachea.

cause: genetic, tumour, vessels compressing trachea.

Question 4

What is tracheo-oesophageal fistula?

Answer 4

abnormal connection between trachea and oesophagus. surgery needed for correction

Question 5

What are common lower resp. tract congenital abnormalities?

Answer 5

• CPAM (congenital pulmonary airway malformation)
• Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Question 6

What is CPAM?

Answer 6

congenital pulmonary airway malformation. abnormal functioning mass of lung tissue. may resolve before child is born. surgery may be needed

Question 7

what is congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

Answer 7

hernia due to maldevelopment, usually on left. small intestine and liver enter thoracic space, pushing heart and lungs, lead to small lungs. usually surgically repaired

Question 8

What are 3 neonatal diseases?

Answer 8

• Transient tachypnoea
• IRDS
• Chronic lung disease

Question 9

What is transient tachypnoea?

Answer 9

usually fluid in lungs is absorbed after first breath. here there is a delay, so ineffective gas exchange, resp. distress, tachypnoea. 1-2 days resolution

Question 10

what is IRDS?

Answer 10

premature babies don’t have surfactant so surface tension in lungs cause inefficient gas transfer. surfactant replacement given directly into lungs through tube. need ventilation and nutrition

Question 11

What is chronic lung disease?

Answer 11

also called bronchopulmonary dysplasia. premature birth causes need for O2 resp. support. associated with chronic obstructive diseases in later life and tendency to infection - may be smaller lungs

Question 12

What is lung remodelling?

Answer 12

alteration of airway structure following external influence - smoking, chronic childhood diseases, infection.

Question 13

What does lung remodelling lead to following chronic lung disease in prematurity?

Answer 13

airway narrowing, increased bronchial responsiveness, oedema, increased mucus secretion

Question 14

What are symptoms of tracheomalacia?

Answer 14

barking cough, recurrent croup, breathless on exertion, stridor/wheeze. self limiting with time